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GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) > (P2) CB8: Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

(P2) CB8: Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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2
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to surface area

A

Directly

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3
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the concentration difference

A

Directly

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4
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the thickness of membrane

A

Inversely

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5
Q

What kind of shape does the breathing system have?

A

Not fixed- it has the ability to move, whilst remaining inside the rib cage

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6
Q

Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs

A

Below

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7
Q

What does the diaphragm do

A

Changes the volume of the thorax

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8
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2
(First pressure and first volumes is equal to second pressure and second volume)
A change in the volume of a gas will have an effect on its pressure

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9
Q

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have

A

4

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10
Q

How many chambers does a fish’s heart have

A

2
This shows the process of evolution

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11
Q

What does the coronary artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart

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12
Q

What type of surgery is performed in the coronary artery gets blocked

A

A bypass surgery-
A healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to redirect blood around a blocked area of an artery

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13
Q

What kind of circulation occurs in a mammalian heart

A

Double circulation- blood in the veins has to pass through the heart twice on each lap of the body

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14
Q

What side of the heart is stronger

A

The left

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15
Q

What is the main advantage of having a double circulation heart

A

Blood is pumped at a higher pressure, and therefore circulates around the body faster than in a singular circulatory system. This means more respiration can occur

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16
Q

What does more respiration lead to

A

Faster reactions, faster growth, higher metabolism

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17
Q

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

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18
Q

What vein goes into the left atrium

A

The pulmonary vein

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19
Q

What vein goes into the right atrium

A

The vena cava

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20
Q

What artery goes into the left ventricle

A

The aorta

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21
Q

What artery goes into the right ventricle

A

The pulmonary artery

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22
Q

What do (most) veins do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart

(veIN)

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23
Q

What do (most) arteries do

A

Carry oxygenated blood AWAY FROM the heart

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24
Q

What is strange about the pulmonary vein compared to other veins in the body?

A

It carries oxygenated blood rather than deoxygenated

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25
Q

What is strange about the pulmonary artery compared to other arteries in the body?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood rather than oxygenated blood

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26
Q

What are the two types of chambers in the heart

A

The atria and ventricles

27
Q

What do the atria do

A

Collect blood returned to the heart from veins

28
Q

What do the ventricles do

A

Pump blood from the heart through the lungs

29
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to

A

The lungs

30
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to

A

The body

31
Q

What is different about the heart whilst in utero

A

There is a hole between the left and right ventricle

32
Q

How many directions should blood move in through the heart

A

One

33
Q

How does the heart prevent back flow

A

It has a series of valves (aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves) that close off every time the heart contracts

34
Q

What are blood clots made of

A

Plaque

35
Q

When was the first successful heart transplant and who did it

A

1967 by South African doctor Christian Barnard

36
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets

37
Q

What are the characteristics of red blood cells

A

No mitochondria- doesn’t do aerobic respiration to maximise oxygen delivered to cells
No nucleus- no genetic material, can’t repair, more space for oxygen
Bi-concave shape- maximises surface area to carry oxygen
Small and flexible- able to fit through narrow vessels
Has haemoglobin- able to carry oxygen
Large surface to volume ratio- better at diffusing oxygen in and out of cells (Fick’s Law)

38
Q

What are the characteristics of white blood cells

A

Large nucleus, irregular in shape- makes mRNA which makes protein
Lots of ribosomes- makes antibodies
Can change shape- engulf bacteria and viruses
Can squeeze through blood vessels and tissue- to get to infections quickly

39
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma

A

Contains dissolved substances such as hormones, glucose, antibodies, and waste products
All cells are carries around in the body by plasma

40
Q

What are the three types of vessels

A

Arteries- away from the heart, thick and muscular
Veins- to the heart, has large lumen valves
Capillaries- joins arteries and veins, smallest vessel

41
Q

What is vital capacity

A

the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.

42
Q

What is tidal volume

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

43
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle, in a minute

44
Q

What is cardiac output measured by

A

Dm^3min^-1

45
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped per beat

46
Q

What is heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

47
Q

What is the calculation that connects cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

48
Q

What is respiration

A

A chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose

49
Q

What is breathing

A

Inhalation or exaltation of air from the lungs

50
Q

What are the waste products of respiration

A

Carbon dioxide and water

51
Q

What is the calculation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

52
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

53
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Why is glucose used for respiration

A

It reacts quicker than fat or protein

55
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

In the absence of water

56
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A

In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied

57
Q

What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid

58
Q

What does a build up of lactic acid cause

A

Muscle fatigue

59
Q

What does muscle fatigue cause

A

It causes muscle to ache and contract less powerfully

60
Q

What is needed after anaerobic respiration has occurred

A

A recovery period

61
Q

What happens during a recovery period

A

More oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again

62
Q

What is the volume of oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration called

A

The oxygen debt

63
Q

Why does a fit person have less oxygen debt

A

Aerobic respiration is more efficient so less anaerobic respiration occurs

64
Q

What is the kit needed for the practical to measure rate of respiration

A

A simple respirometer

GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) (7 decks)

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