(P2) CB8: Exchange And Transport In Animals

Question 1

What is Fick’s Law

Answer 1

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

Question 2

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to surface area

Answer 2

Directly

Question 3

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the concentration difference

Answer 3

Directly

Question 4

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the thickness of membrane

Answer 4

Inversely

Question 5

What kind of shape does the breathing system have?

Answer 5

Not fixed- it has the ability to move, whilst remaining inside the rib cage

Question 6

Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs

Answer 6

Below

Question 7

What does the diaphragm do

Answer 7

Changes the volume of the thorax

Question 8

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 8

P1V1 = P2V2
(First pressure and first volumes is equal to second pressure and second volume)
A change in the volume of a gas will have an effect on its pressure

Question 9

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have

Answer 9

4

Question 10

How many chambers does a fish’s heart have

Answer 10

2
This shows the process of evolution

Question 11

What does the coronary artery do

Answer 11

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 12

What type of surgery is performed in the coronary artery gets blocked

Answer 12

A bypass surgery-
A healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to redirect blood around a blocked area of an artery

Question 13

What kind of circulation occurs in a mammalian heart

Answer 13

Double circulation- blood in the veins has to pass through the heart twice on each lap of the body

Question 14

What side of the heart is stronger

Answer 14

The left

Question 15

What is the main advantage of having a double circulation heart

Answer 15

Blood is pumped at a higher pressure, and therefore circulates around the body faster than in a singular circulatory system. This means more respiration can occur

Question 16

What does more respiration lead to

Answer 16

Faster reactions, faster growth, higher metabolism

Question 17

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart

Answer 17

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

Question 18

What vein goes into the left atrium

Answer 18

The pulmonary vein

Question 19

What vein goes into the right atrium

Answer 19

The vena cava

Question 20

What artery goes into the left ventricle

Answer 20

The aorta

Question 21

What artery goes into the right ventricle

Answer 21

The pulmonary artery

Question 22

What do (most) veins do

Answer 22

Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart

(veIN)

Question 23

What do (most) arteries do

Answer 23

Carry oxygenated blood AWAY FROM the heart

Question 24

What is strange about the pulmonary vein compared to other veins in the body?

Answer 24

It carries oxygenated blood rather than deoxygenated

Question 25

What is strange about the pulmonary artery compared to other arteries in the body?

Answer 25

It carries deoxygenated blood rather than oxygenated blood

Question 26

What are the two types of chambers in the heart

Answer 26

The atria and ventricles

Question 27

What do the atria do

Answer 27

Collect blood returned to the heart from veins

Question 28

What do the ventricles do

Answer 28

Pump blood from the heart through the lungs

Question 29

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to

Answer 29

The lungs

Question 30

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to

Answer 30

The body

Question 31

What is different about the heart whilst in utero

Answer 31

There is a hole between the left and right ventricle

Question 32

How many directions should blood move in through the heart

Answer 32

One

Question 33

How does the heart prevent back flow

Answer 33

It has a series of valves (aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves) that close off every time the heart contracts

Question 34

What are blood clots made of

Answer 34

Plaque

Question 35

When was the first successful heart transplant and who did it

Answer 35

1967 by South African doctor Christian Barnard

Question 36

What are the components of blood

Answer 36

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets

Question 37

What are the characteristics of red blood cells

Answer 37

No mitochondria- doesn’t do aerobic respiration to maximise oxygen delivered to cells No nucleus- no genetic material, can’t repair, more space for oxygen Bi-concave shape- maximises surface area to carry oxygen Small and flexible- able to fit through narrow vessels Has haemoglobin- able to carry oxygen Large surface to volume ratio- better at diffusing oxygen in and out of cells (Fick’s Law)

Question 38

What are the characteristics of white blood cells

Answer 38

Large nucleus, irregular in shape- makes mRNA which makes protein Lots of ribosomes- makes antibodies Can change shape- engulf bacteria and viruses Can squeeze through blood vessels and tissue- to get to infections quickly

Question 39

What are the characteristics of plasma

Answer 39

Contains dissolved substances such as hormones, glucose, antibodies, and waste products All cells are carries around in the body by plasma

Question 40

What are the three types of vessels

Answer 40

Arteries- away from the heart, thick and muscular Veins- to the heart, has large lumen valves Capillaries- joins arteries and veins, smallest vessel

Question 41

What is vital capacity

Answer 41

the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.

Question 42

What is tidal volume

Answer 42

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Question 43

What is cardiac output

Answer 43

The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle, in a minute

Question 44

What is cardiac output measured by

Answer 44

Dm^3min^-1

Question 45

What is stroke volume

Answer 45

Volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 46

What is heart rate

Answer 46

Number of beats per minute

Question 47

What is the calculation that connects cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate

Answer 47

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 48

What is respiration

Answer 48

A chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose

Question 49

What is breathing

Answer 49

Inhalation or exaltation of air from the lungs

Question 50

What are the waste products of respiration

Answer 50

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 51

What is the calculation for respiration

Answer 51

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Question 52

What does ATP stand for

Answer 52

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 53

Where does aerobic respiration occur

Answer 53

Mitochondria

Question 54

Why is glucose used for respiration

Answer 54

It reacts quicker than fat or protein

Question 55

What does anaerobic mean

Answer 55

In the absence of water

Question 56

When does anaerobic respiration occur

Answer 56

In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied

Question 57

What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration

Answer 57

Lactic acid

Question 58

What does a build up of lactic acid cause

Answer 58

Muscle fatigue

Question 59

What does muscle fatigue cause

Answer 59

It causes muscle to ache and contract less powerfully

Question 60

What is needed after anaerobic respiration has occurred

Answer 60

A recovery period

Question 61

What happens during a recovery period

Answer 61

More oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again

Question 62

What is the volume of oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration called

Answer 62

The oxygen debt

Question 63

Why does a fit person have less oxygen debt

Answer 63

Aerobic respiration is more efficient so less anaerobic respiration occurs

Question 64

What is the kit needed for the practical to measure rate of respiration

Answer 64

A simple respirometer