(P2) CB8: Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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2
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to surface area

A

Directly

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3
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the concentration difference

A

Directly

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4
Q

Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the thickness of membrane

A

Inversely

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5
Q

What kind of shape does the breathing system have?

A

Not fixed- it has the ability to move, whilst remaining inside the rib cage

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6
Q

Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs

A

Below

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7
Q

What does the diaphragm do

A

Changes the volume of the thorax

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8
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2
(First pressure and first volumes is equal to second pressure and second volume)
A change in the volume of a gas will have an effect on its pressure

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9
Q

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have

A

4

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10
Q

How many chambers does a fish’s heart have

A

2
This shows the process of evolution

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11
Q

What does the coronary artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart

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12
Q

What type of surgery is performed in the coronary artery gets blocked

A

A bypass surgery-
A healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to redirect blood around a blocked area of an artery

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13
Q

What kind of circulation occurs in a mammalian heart

A

Double circulation- blood in the veins has to pass through the heart twice on each lap of the body

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14
Q

What side of the heart is stronger

A

The left

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15
Q

What is the main advantage of having a double circulation heart

A

Blood is pumped at a higher pressure, and therefore circulates around the body faster than in a singular circulatory system. This means more respiration can occur

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16
Q

What does more respiration lead to

A

Faster reactions, faster growth, higher metabolism

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17
Q

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

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18
Q

What vein goes into the left atrium

A

The pulmonary vein

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19
Q

What vein goes into the right atrium

A

The vena cava

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20
Q

What artery goes into the left ventricle

A

The aorta

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21
Q

What artery goes into the right ventricle

A

The pulmonary artery

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22
Q

What do (most) veins do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart

(veIN)

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23
Q

What do (most) arteries do

A

Carry oxygenated blood AWAY FROM the heart

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24
Q

What is strange about the pulmonary vein compared to other veins in the body?

A

It carries oxygenated blood rather than deoxygenated

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25
What is strange about the pulmonary artery compared to other arteries in the body?
It carries deoxygenated blood rather than oxygenated blood
26
What are the two types of chambers in the heart
The atria and ventricles
27
What do the atria do
Collect blood returned to the heart from veins
28
What do the ventricles do
Pump blood from the heart through the lungs
29
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to
The lungs
30
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to
The body
31
What is different about the heart whilst in utero
There is a hole between the left and right ventricle
32
How many directions should blood move in through the heart
One
33
How does the heart prevent back flow
It has a series of valves (aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves) that close off every time the heart contracts
34
What are blood clots made of
Plaque
35
When was the first successful heart transplant and who did it
1967 by South African doctor Christian Barnard
36
What are the components of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets
37
What are the characteristics of red blood cells
No mitochondria- doesn’t do aerobic respiration to maximise oxygen delivered to cells No nucleus- no genetic material, can’t repair, more space for oxygen Bi-concave shape- maximises surface area to carry oxygen Small and flexible- able to fit through narrow vessels Has haemoglobin- able to carry oxygen Large surface to volume ratio- better at diffusing oxygen in and out of cells (Fick’s Law)
38
What are the characteristics of white blood cells
Large nucleus, irregular in shape- makes mRNA which makes protein Lots of ribosomes- makes antibodies Can change shape- engulf bacteria and viruses Can squeeze through blood vessels and tissue- to get to infections quickly
39
What are the characteristics of plasma
Contains dissolved substances such as hormones, glucose, antibodies, and waste products All cells are carries around in the body by plasma
40
What are the three types of vessels
Arteries- away from the heart, thick and muscular Veins- to the heart, has large lumen valves Capillaries- joins arteries and veins, smallest vessel
41
What is vital capacity
the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.
42
What is tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
43
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle, in a minute
44
What is cardiac output measured by
Dm^3min^-1
45
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped per beat
46
What is heart rate
Number of beats per minute
47
What is the calculation that connects cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
48
What is respiration
A chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose
49
What is breathing
Inhalation or exaltation of air from the lungs
50
What are the waste products of respiration
Carbon dioxide and water
51
What is the calculation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
52
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
53
Where does aerobic respiration occur
Mitochondria
54
Why is glucose used for respiration
It reacts quicker than fat or protein
55
What does anaerobic mean
In the absence of water
56
When does anaerobic respiration occur
In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied
57
What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
58
What does a build up of lactic acid cause
Muscle fatigue
59
What does muscle fatigue cause
It causes muscle to ache and contract less powerfully
60
What is needed after anaerobic respiration has occurred
A recovery period
61
What happens during a recovery period
More oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again
62
What is the volume of oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration called
The oxygen debt
63
Why does a fit person have less oxygen debt
Aerobic respiration is more efficient so less anaerobic respiration occurs
64
What is the kit needed for the practical to measure rate of respiration
A simple respirometer