(P2) CB8: Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards
What is Fick’s Law
Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane
Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to surface area
Directly
Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the concentration difference
Directly
Rate of diffusion is ____ proportional to the thickness of membrane
Inversely
What kind of shape does the breathing system have?
Not fixed- it has the ability to move, whilst remaining inside the rib cage
Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs
Below
What does the diaphragm do
Changes the volume of the thorax
What is Boyle’s law?
P1V1 = P2V2
(First pressure and first volumes is equal to second pressure and second volume)
A change in the volume of a gas will have an effect on its pressure
How many chambers does a mammalian heart have
4
How many chambers does a fish’s heart have
2
This shows the process of evolution
What does the coronary artery do
Carries oxygenated blood to the heart
What type of surgery is performed in the coronary artery gets blocked
A bypass surgery-
A healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to redirect blood around a blocked area of an artery
What kind of circulation occurs in a mammalian heart
Double circulation- blood in the veins has to pass through the heart twice on each lap of the body
What side of the heart is stronger
The left
What is the main advantage of having a double circulation heart
Blood is pumped at a higher pressure, and therefore circulates around the body faster than in a singular circulatory system. This means more respiration can occur
What does more respiration lead to
Faster reactions, faster growth, higher metabolism
What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart
Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
What vein goes into the left atrium
The pulmonary vein
What vein goes into the right atrium
The vena cava
What artery goes into the left ventricle
The aorta
What artery goes into the right ventricle
The pulmonary artery
What do (most) veins do
Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart
(veIN)
What do (most) arteries do
Carry oxygenated blood AWAY FROM the heart
What is strange about the pulmonary vein compared to other veins in the body?
It carries oxygenated blood rather than deoxygenated
What is strange about the pulmonary artery compared to other arteries in the body?
It carries deoxygenated blood rather than oxygenated blood
What are the two types of chambers in the heart
The atria and ventricles
What do the atria do
Collect blood returned to the heart from veins
What do the ventricles do
Pump blood from the heart through the lungs
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to
The lungs
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to
The body
What is different about the heart whilst in utero
There is a hole between the left and right ventricle
How many directions should blood move in through the heart
One
How does the heart prevent back flow
It has a series of valves (aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves) that close off every time the heart contracts
What are blood clots made of
Plaque
When was the first successful heart transplant and who did it
1967 by South African doctor Christian Barnard
What are the components of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets
What are the characteristics of red blood cells
No mitochondria- doesn’t do aerobic respiration to maximise oxygen delivered to cells
No nucleus- no genetic material, can’t repair, more space for oxygen
Bi-concave shape- maximises surface area to carry oxygen
Small and flexible- able to fit through narrow vessels
Has haemoglobin- able to carry oxygen
Large surface to volume ratio- better at diffusing oxygen in and out of cells (Fick’s Law)
What are the characteristics of white blood cells
Large nucleus, irregular in shape- makes mRNA which makes protein
Lots of ribosomes- makes antibodies
Can change shape- engulf bacteria and viruses
Can squeeze through blood vessels and tissue- to get to infections quickly
What are the characteristics of plasma
Contains dissolved substances such as hormones, glucose, antibodies, and waste products
All cells are carries around in the body by plasma
What are the three types of vessels
Arteries- away from the heart, thick and muscular
Veins- to the heart, has large lumen valves
Capillaries- joins arteries and veins, smallest vessel
What is vital capacity
the maximal volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration.
What is tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle, in a minute
What is cardiac output measured by
Dm^3min^-1
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped per beat
What is heart rate
Number of beats per minute
What is the calculation that connects cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
What is respiration
A chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose
What is breathing
Inhalation or exaltation of air from the lungs
What are the waste products of respiration
Carbon dioxide and water
What is the calculation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
Where does aerobic respiration occur
Mitochondria
Why is glucose used for respiration
It reacts quicker than fat or protein
What does anaerobic mean
In the absence of water
When does anaerobic respiration occur
In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied
What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
What does a build up of lactic acid cause
Muscle fatigue
What does muscle fatigue cause
It causes muscle to ache and contract less powerfully
What is needed after anaerobic respiration has occurred
A recovery period
What happens during a recovery period
More oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again
What is the volume of oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration called
The oxygen debt
Why does a fit person have less oxygen debt
Aerobic respiration is more efficient so less anaerobic respiration occurs
What is the kit needed for the practical to measure rate of respiration
A simple respirometer
