(P1) CB5: Disease

Question 1

What is disease?

Answer 1

when the body doesn’t function as it should

Question 2

Pathogens are

Answer 2

microbes which enter the body and cause disease

Question 3

What are the types of pathogen?

Answer 3

bacteria, viruses, fungi, plasmodium/protists

Question 4

What causes infections?

Answer 4

pathogens

Question 5

What causes deficiencies?

Answer 5

lack of nutrition

Question 6

What causes inhereted diseases?

Answer 6

faulty genes

Question 7

What is cancer?

Answer 7

a group of cells dividing uncontrollably

Question 8

What’s a group of cancer cells called?

Answer 8

a tumor

Question 9

What’s a benign tumor?

Answer 9

don’t spread - usually not dangerous

Question 10

What’s a malignent tumor?

Answer 10

can spread - dangerous!

Question 11

aneurism

Answer 11

blood vessel pops

Question 12

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

hardening of the arteries

Question 13

What’s wrong with atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

It causes cardiovascular disease

Question 14

How do the arteries harden?

Answer 14

Atherosclerosis.

Caused by a buildup of yellow fatty deposits “plaques”
These build up until they restrict or block the arteries
Common in coronary and cartoid arteries
This blockage is called an atheroma

Question 15

What causes atherosclerosis?

Answer 15

high blood pressure
smoking

Question 16

What helps atherosclerosis?

Answer 16

a drug called “statins”

Question 17

What’s a myocardial infarction commonly called?

Answer 17

a heart attack

Question 18

What is a stroke?

Answer 18

an interruption in blood supply to the brain

Question 19

How is disease spread?

Answer 19

droplets, direct contact, food and drink, breaks in the skin

Question 20

How do bacterium cause diseases?

Answer 20

pathogen that replicates and releases toxins in the process, which causes disease
does not go inside cells, which is why antibiotics work

Question 21

What is the Lytic Pathway?

Answer 21

1. Virus attaches itself to a specific host cell
2. Genetic material from the virus is injected to the host cell
3. virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to reproduce
4. the cell splits open (lysis) and releases the cells - it bursts. the cycle repeats

Question 22

What is the Lycogenic Pathway?

Answer 22

1. Virus attaches itself to a specific host cell
2. genetic material from the virus is INCORPORATED INTO THE DNA
3. host cell divides normally and replicates the genetic material. the virus remains dormant.
4. a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome, and the lytic pathway begins

Question 23

How do antibodies work?

Answer 23

agglutination: stick the microbes together
neutralisation: prevents them from reproducing

Question 24

What’s the R value?

Answer 24

of people/100,000 that need to be vaccinated for the herd effect to work

Question 25

What’s the placebo effect?

Answer 25

tricking a patient - the medicine does nothing, but they might think it does, and feel the effects of the medicine.

Question 26

polyclonal antibodies

Answer 26

collection of many different kinds of antibodies

Question 27

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 27

collection of one type of antibody

Question 28

How do we get monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 28

Immunise a mouse
It produces antibodies
Blood is drained
white blood cells seperated and added to cancer tumor cells using detergent (breaks down surface membrane). This is called a hybridoma.
These are cloned.
The antibodies are isolated and cultivated.