(P1) CB5: Disease Flashcards
What is disease?
when the body doesn’t function as it should
Pathogens are
microbes which enter the body and cause disease
What are the types of pathogen?
bacteria, viruses, fungi, plasmodium/protists
What causes infections?
pathogens
What causes deficiencies?
lack of nutrition
What causes inhereted diseases?
faulty genes
What is cancer?
a group of cells dividing uncontrollably
What’s a group of cancer cells called?
a tumor
What’s a benign tumor?
don’t spread - usually not dangerous
What’s a malignent tumor?
can spread - dangerous!
aneurism
blood vessel pops
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
What’s wrong with atherosclerosis?
It causes cardiovascular disease
How do the arteries harden?
Atherosclerosis.
Caused by a buildup of yellow fatty deposits “plaques”
These build up until they restrict or block the arteries
Common in coronary and cartoid arteries
This blockage is called an atheroma
What causes atherosclerosis?
high blood pressure
smoking
What helps atherosclerosis?
a drug called “statins”
What’s a myocardial infarction commonly called?
a heart attack
What is a stroke?
an interruption in blood supply to the brain
How is disease spread?
droplets, direct contact, food and drink, breaks in the skin
How do bacterium cause diseases?
pathogen that replicates and releases toxins in the process, which causes disease
does not go inside cells, which is why antibiotics work
What is the Lytic Pathway?
- Virus attaches itself to a specific host cell
- Genetic material from the virus is injected to the host cell
- virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to reproduce
- the cell splits open (lysis) and releases the cells - it bursts. the cycle repeats
What is the Lycogenic Pathway?
- Virus attaches itself to a specific host cell
- genetic material from the virus is INCORPORATED INTO THE DNA
- host cell divides normally and replicates the genetic material. the virus remains dormant.
- a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome, and the lytic pathway begins
How do antibodies work?
agglutination: stick the microbes together
neutralisation: prevents them from reproducing
What’s the R value?
of people/100,000 that need to be vaccinated for the herd effect to work
What’s the placebo effect?
tricking a patient - the medicine does nothing, but they might think it does, and feel the effects of the medicine.
polyclonal antibodies
collection of many different kinds of antibodies
monoclonal antibodies
collection of one type of antibody
How do we get monoclonal antibodies?
Immunise a mouse
It produces antibodies
Blood is drained
white blood cells seperated and added to cancer tumor cells using detergent (breaks down surface membrane). This is called a hybridoma.
These are cloned.
The antibodies are isolated and cultivated.
