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GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) > (P2) CB7: Animal Coordination, Control, & Homeostasis > Flashcards

(P2) CB7: Animal Coordination, Control, & Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Keeping things in the body in balance

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2
Q

What must be controlled in the body (6 things)

A

Removal of CO2 (waste)
Removal of urea (waste)
Water content
Sugar content
Temperature
Ion content

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3
Q

What are ways in which heat is gained (3 things)

A

General metabolism
Muscle contraction
Radiation and conduction from the environment

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4
Q

What are ways in which heat is lost (3 things)

A

Expiration (breathing out) and excretion (pooing and weeing lol!!)
Evaporation of sweat
Radiation, conduction, and convection to the environment

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5
Q

What is the response if the body is too cold (4 things)

A

Shivering- releases heat from respiration
Subcutaneous fat (fat in the skin)- insulates
Hairs stand up- traps an insulators layer of air around the body
Vasoconstriction (blood vessels get thinner)- reduces blood flow near the skin surface

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6
Q

What is the response if the body is too hot (2 things)

A

Sweating- evaporation of sweat on the skin surface takes heat away from the blood, causing it to cool
Vasodilation (blood vessels widen)- increases blood flow near to the skin surface

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7
Q

Define negative feedback

A

A process that acts to reduce the changes of the process itself and restores systems to their original level

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8
Q

Define positive feedback

A

Amplificarion of a body’s response to a stimulus (e.g childbirth)

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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

A gland that makes hormones to tell the body what to do

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that monitors the body

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11
Q

How is temperature change detected

A

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus (heat loss centre/ heat gain centre)

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12
Q

Define endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

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13
Q

What does the endocrine system do

A

Coordinates the body’s organs so that they work together

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14
Q

What are hormones produced by

A

Endocrine glands in different parts of the body

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15
Q

What do hormones do

A

Control body processes that require multiple organs of the body to interact for a combined affect

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16
Q

How are hormones transported

A

In the blood (endocrine system)

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17
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Produces a hormone called thyroxine

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18
Q

What is thyroxine

A

Iodine combined with tyrosine

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19
Q

What does thyroxine do

A

Regulates metabolism

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20
Q

How does thyroxine regulate metabolism

A

By transferring energy from stores to make it available to cells

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21
Q

What is TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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22
Q

What does TSH do

A

Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine

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23
Q

Step one of thyroxine

A

The body requires more energy so the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

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24
Q

Step two of thyroxine

A

TSH travels in the blood to the thyroid gland and stimulates this gland to release thyroxine

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25
Step 3 of thyroxine
Thyroxine causes the metabolic rate to increase
26
Step four of thyroxine
This (metabolic rate increase) increases the transfer of energy to cells
27
Step 5 of thyroxine
The cells now have the required amount of energy
28
Step 6 of thyroxine
Feedback is sent to the hypothalamus to stop the release of TSH
29
All 6 steps of thyroxine (6 marker)
1: The body requires more energy so the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to release TSH 2: TSH travels in the blood to the thyroid gland and stimulates this gland to release thyroxine (which is iodine and tyrosine) 3: Thyroxine causes the metabolic rate to increase 4: This (metabolic rate increase) increases the transfer of energy to cells from stores 5: The cells now have the required amount of energy 6: Feedback is sent to the hypothalamus to stop the release of TSH
30
How many eggs/ovums/oocytes are released and killed per hour
Two
31
Where is oestrogen produced
In the ovaries
32
Where does fertilisation occur
Fallopian tube/ oviduct
33
How long is the menstrual cycle (average)
28 days
34
On what day of the menstrual cycle does bleeding begin
Day 0
35
On what day of the menstrual cycle is the ovum (egg/oocyte) released
Around day 12 (9-15)
36
What controls the menstrual cycle?
Pituitary and hypothalamus
37
What is FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
38
What releases FSH
The pituitary gland
39
What does FSH do in women
Stimulates the growth of immature ovarian follicles | (causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary)
40
What does FSH do in men
Stimulates the production of sperm
41
What is LH
Lutenising hormone
42
Which sex produces LH
Female
43
What does an increase in LH trigger
Ovulation
44
What does oestrogen do (3 things)
Stimulates the growth of the endometrium (uterus lining) and it's blood supply Inhibits further secretion of FSH Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH
45
What does progesterone do
Prevents the endometrium (uterus lining) from entering its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation
46
What happens to progesterone levels if pregnancy does not occur
Progesterone levels decrease, leading (in humans) to menstruation
47
What does progesterone do during implantation and gestation
Decease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy
48
What is ART
Assisted reproductive technology
49
Why do people need ART
Unable to reproduce naturally ... potentially due to low sperm count OR quality
50
How does ART work (7 steps)
Sperm tested Reproductive organs examined Woman injects herself with hormones to stimulate egg production (Weeks later) egg retrieval Egg checked Creation of the embryo (sperm combined with egg in a lab) 3 days after fertilisation, the embryo is implanted
51
What happens if there is too much sugar in the body
Water goes out of cells through osmosis
52
What happens to cells if there is too little sugar in the body
Water enters cells through osmosis
53
What happens in the pancreas when there is high blood sugar
The pancreas is stimulated to produce insulin
54
What part of the pancreas produces insulin
Beta cells in the endocrine Islets of Langerhan
55
What happens in the liver when there is high blood sugar
Insulin stimulates the liver to take glucose from the blood and convert into glucogen, which is stored in the liver
56
What happens in the pancreas if there is low blood sugar
Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon
57
Where are alpha cells in the pancreas located
Islets of Langerhan
58
What happens in the liver when there is low blood sugar
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose and release the glucose into the blood stream
59
What are the short term problems with diabetes (2 things)
Hypoglycaemia- low blood sugar Diabetic ketoacidosis- sugar in the urine (can cause infections because bacteria love sugar so sue them)
60
What are the long term problems with diabetes (4 things)
Cardiovascular disease Retinopathy (sugar crystals forming around the eyes)- blindness Nephropathy (kidney disease)- kidney failure Musculoskeletal conditions- arthritis, osteoporosis
61
What happens if you eat too much protein
The protein is broken down into amino acids These amino acids are broken down by the liver and make urea
62
Why must urea be removed
It is poisonous
63
How is urea removed
It passes into the blood and is filtered out by the kidneys
64
What is urine
Urea mixed with water
65
What happens if the concentration of fluids change in the body
It can cause water to move in or out of cells by osmosis This could destroy cells
66
How can water levels change (4 things)
Breathing out water Eating and drinking Sweat weeing
67
What do the kidneys remove excess of from urea
Mineral ions that can be lost in urine
68
What do kidneys do
Filter blood and reabsorb everything the body needs, filter out urea
69
What move out of the blood and into the kidneys by diffusion (4 things)
Glucose Amino acids Mineral salts Urea
70
How is sugar reabsorbed back into the blood
with Active transport
71
Why does the amount of mineral ions and water reabsorbed vary
It depends on what your body needs
72
What is selective reabsorption
Certain molecules are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron
73
What is urine called before it is in the bladder
Filtrate
74
What is the mechanism that tells the body how much water needs to be reabsorbed
Feedback mechanism releasing ADH
75
What filtering do the kidneys use
Pressure based filtering
76
Why do kidneys have a rich blood supply
To constantly produce urine
77
3 ways kidneys can be damaged
Infections Genetic problems Accidents
78
Ways to treat a damaged kidney (2 things)
Dialysis Kidney transplant
79
What happens if the kidneys are damaged (2 things)
Toxins build up Salt and water balance can be lost
80
How does dialysis work?
Blood leaves the patients body and flows between a partially permeable membrane. On the other side of the membrane is dialysis fluid
81
What does dialysis fluid contain and why
The same concentration of glucose and mineral ions as normal blood plasma so that there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood
82
What is a nephron
The functional component of the kidney
83
How many nephron are in each kidney
Millions
84
What brings blood into the kidney
Renal artery
85
What is ultra filtration
Doesn't filter large molecules or blood Bowman's capsule- high pressure
86
What does ultra filtration produce
A liquid called filtrate
87
What occurs in the PCT and DCT
Selective reabsorption
88
Where does the filtrate go after selective reabsorption
Into the collecting duct then into the bladder
89
What is a diuretic
They make you need to excrete urine
90
What is osmoregulation
The control of water and salt levels in the body
91
Where does osmoregulation occur
In the collecting duct
92
What controls osmoregulation
The pituitary gland The hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland what to do
93
Step one of the body combating dehydration
Decreased water potential of blood Pure water has a water potential of 0(little trident)(small p) More dehydrated=water potential decreases
94
Step two of the body combating dehydration
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus lose water, so they shrink
95
Step three of the body combating dehydration
Shrinking of osmoreceptor cells stimulates nerve cells in the hypothalamus
96
Step four of the body combating dehydration
Increased ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) production by posterior pituitary gland
97
Step 5 of the body combating dehydration
ADH carried in the blood
98
Step six of the body combating dehydration
ADH arrives at the collecting duct
99
All steps of the body combating dehydration (6 steps)
1: Decreased water potential of blood Pure water has a water potential of 0(little trident)(small p) More dehydrated=water potential decreases 2: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus lose water, so they shrink 3: Shrinking of osmoreceptor cells stimulates nerve cells in the hypothalamus 4: Increased ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) production by posterior pituitary gland 5: ADH carried in the blood 6: ADH arrives at the collecting duct
100
What happens at the collecting duct
ADH makes the cells more holey (creates more aquaporins (little holes that let more water in)) and filtrate comes down in collecting duct
101
What are the tubes in the kidney lined with
Cells that look like _□_□_□ to give them more surface area

GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) (7 decks)

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