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GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) > (P2) CB7: Animal Coordination, Control, & Homeostasis > Flashcards

(P2) CB7: Animal Coordination, Control, & Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Keeping things in the body in balance

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2
Q

What must be controlled in the body (6 things)

A

Removal of CO2 (waste)
Removal of urea (waste)
Water content
Sugar content
Temperature
Ion content

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3
Q

What are ways in which heat is gained (3 things)

A

General metabolism
Muscle contraction
Radiation and conduction from the environment

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4
Q

What are ways in which heat is lost (3 things)

A

Expiration (breathing out) and excretion (pooing and weeing lol!!)
Evaporation of sweat
Radiation, conduction, and convection to the environment

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5
Q

What is the response if the body is too cold (4 things)

A

Shivering- releases heat from respiration
Subcutaneous fat (fat in the skin)- insulates
Hairs stand up- traps an insulators layer of air around the body
Vasoconstriction (blood vessels get thinner)- reduces blood flow near the skin surface

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6
Q

What is the response if the body is too hot (2 things)

A

Sweating- evaporation of sweat on the skin surface takes heat away from the blood, causing it to cool
Vasodilation (blood vessels widen)- increases blood flow near to the skin surface

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7
Q

Define negative feedback

A

A process that acts to reduce the changes of the process itself and restores systems to their original level

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8
Q

Define positive feedback

A

Amplificarion of a body’s response to a stimulus (e.g childbirth)

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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

A gland that makes hormones to tell the body what to do

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10
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that monitors the body

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11
Q

How is temperature change detected

A

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus (heat loss centre/ heat gain centre)

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12
Q

Define endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.

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13
Q

What does the endocrine system do

A

Coordinates the body’s organs so that they work together

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14
Q

What are hormones produced by

A

Endocrine glands in different parts of the body

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15
Q

What do hormones do

A

Control body processes that require multiple organs of the body to interact for a combined affect

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16
Q

How are hormones transported

A

In the blood (endocrine system)

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17
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Produces a hormone called thyroxine

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18
Q

What is thyroxine

A

Iodine combined with tyrosine

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19
Q

What does thyroxine do

A

Regulates metabolism

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20
Q

How does thyroxine regulate metabolism

A

By transferring energy from stores to make it available to cells

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21
Q

What is TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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22
Q

What does TSH do

A

Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine

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23
Q

Step one of thyroxine

A

The body requires more energy so the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

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24
Q

Step two of thyroxine

A

TSH travels in the blood to the thyroid gland and stimulates this gland to release thyroxine

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25
Q

Step 3 of thyroxine

A

Thyroxine causes the metabolic rate to increase

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26
Q

Step four of thyroxine

A

This (metabolic rate increase) increases the transfer of energy to cells

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27
Q

Step 5 of thyroxine

A

The cells now have the required amount of energy

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28
Q

Step 6 of thyroxine

A

Feedback is sent to the hypothalamus to stop the release of TSH

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29
Q

All 6 steps of thyroxine (6 marker)

A

1: The body requires more energy so the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

2: TSH travels in the blood to the thyroid gland and stimulates this gland to release thyroxine (which is iodine and tyrosine)

3: Thyroxine causes the metabolic rate to increase

4: This (metabolic rate increase) increases the transfer of energy to cells from stores

5: The cells now have the required amount of energy

6: Feedback is sent to the hypothalamus to stop the release of TSH

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30
Q

How many eggs/ovums/oocytes are released and killed per hour

A

Two

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31
Q

Where is oestrogen produced

A

In the ovaries

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32
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Fallopian tube/ oviduct

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33
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle (average)

A

28 days

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34
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle does bleeding begin

A

Day 0

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35
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle is the ovum (egg/oocyte) released

A

Around day 12 (9-15)

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36
Q

What controls the menstrual cycle?

A

Pituitary and hypothalamus

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37
Q

What is FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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38
Q

What releases FSH

A

The pituitary gland

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39
Q

What does FSH do in women

A

Stimulates the growth of immature ovarian follicles

(causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary)

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40
Q

What does FSH do in men

A

Stimulates the production of sperm

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41
Q

What is LH

A

Lutenising hormone

42
Q

Which sex produces LH

A

Female

43
Q

What does an increase in LH trigger

A

Ovulation

44
Q

What does oestrogen do (3 things)

A

Stimulates the growth of the endometrium (uterus lining) and it’s blood supply
Inhibits further secretion of FSH
Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH

45
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Prevents the endometrium (uterus lining) from entering its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation

46
Q

What happens to progesterone levels if pregnancy does not occur

A

Progesterone levels decrease, leading (in humans) to menstruation

47
Q

What does progesterone do during implantation and gestation

A

Decease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy

48
Q

What is ART

A

Assisted reproductive technology

49
Q

Why do people need ART

A

Unable to reproduce naturally
… potentially due to low sperm count OR quality

50
Q

How does ART work (7 steps)

A

Sperm tested
Reproductive organs examined
Woman injects herself with hormones to stimulate egg production
(Weeks later) egg retrieval
Egg checked
Creation of the embryo (sperm combined with egg in a lab)
3 days after fertilisation, the embryo is implanted

51
Q

What happens if there is too much sugar in the body

A

Water goes out of cells through osmosis

52
Q

What happens to cells if there is too little sugar in the body

A

Water enters cells through osmosis

53
Q

What happens in the pancreas when there is high blood sugar

A

The pancreas is stimulated to produce insulin

54
Q

What part of the pancreas produces insulin

A

Beta cells in the endocrine Islets of Langerhan

55
Q

What happens in the liver when there is high blood sugar

A

Insulin stimulates the liver to take glucose from the blood and convert into glucogen, which is stored in the liver

56
Q

What happens in the pancreas if there is low blood sugar

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon

57
Q

Where are alpha cells in the pancreas located

A

Islets of Langerhan

58
Q

What happens in the liver when there is low blood sugar

A

Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose and release the glucose into the blood stream

59
Q

What are the short term problems with diabetes (2 things)

A

Hypoglycaemia- low blood sugar
Diabetic ketoacidosis- sugar in the urine (can cause infections because bacteria love sugar so sue them)

60
Q

What are the long term problems with diabetes (4 things)

A

Cardiovascular disease
Retinopathy (sugar crystals forming around the eyes)- blindness
Nephropathy (kidney disease)- kidney failure
Musculoskeletal conditions- arthritis, osteoporosis

61
Q

What happens if you eat too much protein

A

The protein is broken down into amino acids
These amino acids are broken down by the liver and make urea

62
Q

Why must urea be removed

A

It is poisonous

63
Q

How is urea removed

A

It passes into the blood and is filtered out by the kidneys

64
Q

What is urine

A

Urea mixed with water

65
Q

What happens if the concentration of fluids change in the body

A

It can cause water to move in or out of cells by osmosis
This could destroy cells

66
Q

How can water levels change (4 things)

A

Breathing out water
Eating and drinking
Sweat
weeing

67
Q

What do the kidneys remove excess of from urea

A

Mineral ions that can be lost in urine

68
Q

What do kidneys do

A

Filter blood and reabsorb everything the body needs, filter out urea

69
Q

What move out of the blood and into the kidneys by diffusion (4 things)

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Mineral salts
Urea

70
Q

How is sugar reabsorbed back into the blood

A

with Active transport

71
Q

Why does the amount of mineral ions and water reabsorbed vary

A

It depends on what your body needs

72
Q

What is selective reabsorption

A

Certain molecules are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron

73
Q

What is urine called before it is in the bladder

A

Filtrate

74
Q

What is the mechanism that tells the body how much water needs to be reabsorbed

A

Feedback mechanism releasing ADH

75
Q

What filtering do the kidneys use

A

Pressure based filtering

76
Q

Why do kidneys have a rich blood supply

A

To constantly produce urine

77
Q

3 ways kidneys can be damaged

A

Infections
Genetic problems
Accidents

78
Q

Ways to treat a damaged kidney (2 things)

A

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

79
Q

What happens if the kidneys are damaged (2 things)

A

Toxins build up
Salt and water balance can be lost

80
Q

How does dialysis work?

A

Blood leaves the patients body and flows between a partially permeable membrane. On the other side of the membrane is dialysis fluid

81
Q

What does dialysis fluid contain and why

A

The same concentration of glucose and mineral ions as normal blood plasma so that there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood

82
Q

What is a nephron

A

The functional component of the kidney

83
Q

How many nephron are in each kidney

A

Millions

84
Q

What brings blood into the kidney

A

Renal artery

85
Q

What is ultra filtration

A

Doesn’t filter large molecules or blood
Bowman’s capsule- high pressure

86
Q

What does ultra filtration produce

A

A liquid called filtrate

87
Q

What occurs in the PCT and DCT

A

Selective reabsorption

88
Q

Where does the filtrate go after selective reabsorption

A

Into the collecting duct then into the bladder

89
Q

What is a diuretic

A

They make you need to excrete urine

90
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

The control of water and salt levels in the body

91
Q

Where does osmoregulation occur

A

In the collecting duct

92
Q

What controls osmoregulation

A

The pituitary gland
The hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland what to do

93
Q

Step one of the body combating dehydration

A

Decreased water potential of blood
Pure water has a water potential of 0(little trident)(small p)
More dehydrated=water potential decreases

94
Q

Step two of the body combating dehydration

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus lose water, so they shrink

95
Q

Step three of the body combating dehydration

A

Shrinking of osmoreceptor cells stimulates nerve cells in the hypothalamus

96
Q

Step four of the body combating dehydration

A

Increased ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) production by posterior pituitary gland

97
Q

Step 5 of the body combating dehydration

A

ADH carried in the blood

98
Q

Step six of the body combating dehydration

A

ADH arrives at the collecting duct

99
Q

All steps of the body combating dehydration (6 steps)

A

1: Decreased water potential of blood
Pure water has a water potential of 0(little trident)(small p)
More dehydrated=water potential decreases

2: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus lose water, so they shrink

3: Shrinking of osmoreceptor cells stimulates nerve cells in the hypothalamus

4: Increased ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) production by posterior pituitary gland

5: ADH carried in the blood

6: ADH arrives at the collecting duct

100
Q

What happens at the collecting duct

A

ADH makes the cells more holey (creates more aquaporins (little holes that let more water in)) and filtrate comes down in collecting duct

101
Q

What are the tubes in the kidney lined with

A

Cells that look like □□_□ to give them more surface area

GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) (6 decks)

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