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P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is speed measured in?

A

metres per second m/s

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2
Q

What is distance measured in?

A

Metres

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3
Q

What is time measured in?

A

Seconds

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4
Q

What is velocity?

A

A vector quantity
Has size - speed
Has a direction
Measured in metres per second

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5
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate of change of velocity

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6
Q

What is acceleration measured in?

A

Metres per second per second

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7
Q

How do you calculate acceleration?

A

The gradient on a velocity time graph

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8
Q

How to you find the distance on a velocity time graph?

A

Calculate the area underneath

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9
Q

What does a resultant force indicate?

A

Change in velocity (acceleration or deceleration)

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10
Q

What was Newton’s first law?

A

If the resultant force on an object is zero it will either-
Remain at rest or
continue moving at constant velocity

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11
Q

What effects thinking distance?

A
  • How fast you’re going (the faster you’re going, the further you’ll go)
  • Capability e.g. tiredness, drugs, alcohol
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12
Q

What effects braking distance?

A
  • How fast you’re going ( the faster you’re going, the further go)
  • How good your brakes are (worn or faulty brakes will increase the braking time)
  • How good the tires are ( Minimum tread depth of 1.6mm to get rid of water in wet conditions)
  • How good the grip is (dependant on road surface, weather conditions and tyres)
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13
Q

What was Hooke’s law?

A

The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force

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14
Q

What happens when the force is not directly proportional to the extension of an elastic object?

A

The elastic limit has been reached and exceeded

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15
Q

What s the resultant force?

A

A single force that can replace many forces. It shows the acceleration and the direction

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16
Q

The ___ the mass of an object, the __ the acceleration for the same force

A

The bigger the mass of an object, the less the acceleration for the same force

17
Q

The ___ the force on an object, the ___ the acceleration for the same mass

A

The bigger the force on an object, the bigger the acceleration for the same mass

18
Q

How to work out kinetic energy from braking force and braking distance?

A

Kinetic energy= braking force x braking distance

19
Q

What is the unit for gravitational potential energy?

A

Joules (J)

20
Q

How to work out gravitational potential energy?

A

mass x gravitation field x change in height

21
Q

How to calculate momentum?

A

P (momentum) = mass x velocity

22
Q

What are the units for momentum?

A

kg/m/s

23
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

Total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after a collision

24
Q

What is needed to change momentum?

A

Force

25
Q

What happens (the longer the time period of which this momentum change happens)

A

The smaller the force needed

26
Q

How do crumple zones keep you safe in a car crash?

A

They’re at the front and back of the car and crumple upon impact.

  • The cars kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy by the car body as it changes shape
  • Crumple zones increase the impact time, decreasing the force produced by the change in momentum
27
Q

How do side impact bars keep you safe in a car crash?

A

They are strong metal tubes fitted into car door panels
-They help direct the kinetic energy of the crash away from the passengers to other areas of the car, such as crumple zones

28
Q

How to seat belts keep you safe in a car crash?

A

Seat belts stretch slightly, increasing the time taken for the wearer to stop moving. This reduces the forces acting on the chest. Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed by the seat belt stretching.

29
Q

How do air bags keep you safe in a car crash?

A

They slow you down more gradually and prevent you from hitting a hard surface such as the dashboard or steering wheel

30
Q

What happens when a driver brakes?

A

-The driver applies the breaks and the velocity decreases to 0m/s. No kinetic energy
-The brake touches the wheel and creates friction between the brake and the wheel.
The kinetic energy is converted into heat energy
-Temperature of the brake increases as the velocity of the car decreases

31
Q

What happens in regenerative braking?

A

As the car breaks the kinetic energy of the car is converted to electrical energy and stored in the battery
-The stored energy is later used in the electric motors of hybrid cars

32
Q

Advantages of regenerative braking

A
  • Less energy wasted than in conventional braking
  • Less petrol is needed therefore lower CO2 emissions
  • Very useful in city traffic where cars brake frequently
33
Q

Disadvantages of regenerative braking

A

-More expensive than conventional braking systems
-Less useful for motorway driving where braking is less frequent
Adds weight to car

34
Q

Describe the stages of terminal velocity

A
  • Initially, the only force acting on a falling object if weight/gravity (The object is at it’s greatest acceleration)
  • After a short while, as the speed increases so does the drag/ air resistance (The acceleration decreases)
  • The force balance out. The drag equals the weight. (Meaning terminal velocity is 0/ zero)
35
Q

What part of the atom was thought of as the ‘plum pudding?’

A

The positive part of the atom (mass of positive charge)

36
Q

Most of the alpha particles go straight through the gold foil

A

Most of the atom is empty

37
Q

Some alpha particles are deflected through a big angle

A

The nucleus has a large positive charge

38
Q

Only a very small number of alpha particles rebound backwards

A

The nucleus of the atom is very small

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