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Additional > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cell organelles in a plant cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Golgibody
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
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2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration through a semi permeable cell membrane.

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3
Q

What increases the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Bigger surface area (more diffusion, less time)
  • More kinetic energy the particles have (move more and diffuse faster)
  • A moist environment (stop diffusion membrane from drying out)
  • Close to capillaries (shorter diffusion pathway)
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4
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Equilibrium is achieved when all particles have been diffused are equally distributed throughout the cell

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5
Q

What are the three tissues in the stomach?

A
  • Muscle
  • Glandular
  • Epithelial
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6
Q

What are tissues made of?

A

Same type of cells

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7
Q

What are muscles made of?

A

Different types of tissue

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8
Q

What is the muscle tissue?

A
  • Specialised
  • Has the ability to contract (to churn food, the muscle fibres get shorted when contracting)
  • Made of muscle cells
  • -They can move voluntarily and involuntarily
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9
Q

What is glandular tissue?

A
  • Secretory cells
  • Release hormones and digestive enzymes
  • Tissue is rich in capillaries
  • Each cell must contact a capillary directly to deliver hormones
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10
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covers all surface of the body
  • Closely packed, more than one layer
  • Specialised to cover internal and external organs
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11
Q

What is the order of digestion?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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12
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Teeth chew the food and the salivary glands release saliva containing amylase

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13
Q

What happens in the oesophagus?

A

Muscle walls contract to push food down. Process called peristalsis

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14
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A
  • Food reaches the stomach and is churned by the walls contracting.
  • Hydrochloric acid is released by the gastric pits in the walls.
  • The acid contains pepsin which breaks down proteins.
  • Pancreas produces the enzymes for intestine, as does the liver (bile)
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15
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A
  • Food is mixed with the pancreatic juices containing amylase, lipase and protease.
  • Food molecules that are small enough to diffuse through the villi into the bloodstream.
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16
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Absorption of juices and liquids back into the system

17
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Fibre cant be absorbed so it is stored. Without fibre, digestion would not be effective

18
Q

What happens in the anus?

A

Body waste is deposited

19
Q

What do the xylem and phloem do?

A
  • Xylem tissue carries the water around he plant

- Phloem tissue carries food and minerals around the plant

20
Q

List specialised cells

A
  • Palisade leaf cells
  • Guard cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Sperm and egg cells
21
Q

What is the mesophyll tissue?

A

The main part of a palisade cell where most of the photosynthesis occurs

22
Q

What limits the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide levels
  • Temperature
23
Q

How does light intensity effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Not enough light=little photosynthesis
Too much light=enzymes may become denurtured.
Not enough of other products

24
Q

How do carbon levels effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Not enough for photosynthesis to happen

- If there’s alot of carbon dioxide but photosynthesis stops, there must be another limiting factor

25
Q

How does temperature effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-If the temperature is too high, the enzymes become denurtured.

26
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A
  • Respiration
  • Cellulose
  • Making proteins
  • Stored in seeds
  • Stored as starch
  • In fruits
27
Q

How is glucose used for respiration?

A
  • Used for respiration
  • Releases energy which enables them to convert the rest of the glucose into other substances, so they can build new calls and grow
28
Q

How is glucose used for making cell walls?

A
  • Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls, especially in a rapidly growing plant
  • Acts as pressure vessel to stop over expansion by water
29
Q

How is glucose used for making proteins?

A
  • Glucose is combined into nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins.
  • Proteinsynthesis
30
Q

How is glucose stored in seeds?

A
  • Glucose is turned into lipids (fats & oils) for strong storing in seeds.
  • Sunflower seeds, for example, contain a lot of oil- we get cooking oil and margarine from them.
  • Seeds also store starch
31
Q

How is glucose stored as starch?

A
  • Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves. For when photosynthesis isn’t happening (winter)
  • Starch is insoluble which makes it much better for storing than glucose
32
Q

How is glucose used in fruits?

A
  • Glucose and fructose stored in fruits

- Causes sweet taste, so animals eat them, causing seeds to spread through their poo

33
Q

What do we need to survive?

A
  • Water
  • Food/nutrients
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide (plants)
34
Q

Describe a quadrat

A
  • Used to investigate distribution of plants or slow moving animals
  • 1m squared of wood, plastic or metal square
  • Placed at random places between two points (eg shore and woods)
  • Count how many things are inside the quadrat
  • Find the average to calculate the distribution of the plant per metre squared
35
Q

Describe a transect

A
  • More commonly used
  • A tape is placed between two points
  • The quadrat is placed along the tape at regular 1m intervals
  • Results represented in a table, average, mode and range calculated
  • Can also measure physical factors such as light levels and soil pH, things that may effect the distribution along the transect
  • Appropriate situations for use include uneven or unexpected distribution of plants due to a suggested physical factor
  • Don’t always require a quadrat.

Additional (3 decks)

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