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C2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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2
Q

What kind of bonding is it where electrons are transferred?

A

Ionic

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3
Q

What is the calculation for rate of reaction?

A
  • Change is mass / time
  • Volume of gas produced / time
  • Decrease in volume / time
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4
Q

What is collision theory?

A

When particles collide and react

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5
Q

How does the reaction happen? (collision theory)

A
  • Reactions only happen if the particles collide with enough energy.
  • The minimum amount of energy needed by the particles to react is called the activation energy
  • Without the activation energy the reaction cant happen
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6
Q

What 5 factors affect the rate of reaction?

A
  • Temperature
  • Concentration
  • Pressure
  • Surface area
  • A catalyst
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7
Q

What are the subatomic particles?

A

is -Electron (negative charge, negligible mass)

  • Proton (positive charge, mass of 1)
  • Neutron (no charge, mass of 1)
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8
Q

Describe ionic bonding

A

When to atoms lose or gain electrons in order to have full outer shell and become ions

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9
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Where atoms share electrons in order to have a full outer shell

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10
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • Lattice properties- ions in a regular pattern in alternate positions
  • High melting point due to a strong electrostatic attraction (very strong attractions between positive and negative ions)
  • Doesn’t conduct electricity when solid because the ions aren’t free to move
  • Conducts electricity when dissolved or melted as the ions are free to move
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11
Q

What is the structure of a metallic structure?

A

Lattice

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12
Q

Why do metallic structures have a high melting point?

A

The positive ions and negative electrons are very strongly attracted.

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13
Q

Are metallic structures malleable?

A

Yes - the layers of the metal atoms can slide over each other easily

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14
Q

What is the structure of ionic structures?

A

Lattice

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15
Q

Why do ionic structures have a high melting points?

A

The positive and negative ions are very strongly attracted

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16
Q

What atoms make up ionic structures?

A

Metal and non metals

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17
Q

Do ionic structures conduct electricity when solid?

A

No, when solid the ions can’t move

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18
Q

Do ionic structures conduct electricity when dissolved or melted?

A

Yes, high electrical conductivity as the ions can move and transfer electrons

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19
Q

What kind of structures do giant covalent structures have?

A

Lattice

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20
Q

Do giant covalent structure have a high or low melting point?

A

They have a high melting point as there are millions of very strong covalent bonds that have to be broken

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21
Q

What kind of structure do simple covalent structures have?

A

Molecules

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22
Q

Why do simple covalent bonds have low melting points?

A

They have weak intermolecular forces which are easily broken

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23
Q

What types of elements create simple covalent structures?

A

non-metals

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24
Q

Why do simple covalent structures have low electrical conductivity?

A

Because there are no free ions or electrons

25
Q

Why are metallic structures such good conductors?

A

They have delocalised electrons which move and carry the electrical current throughout the structure

26
Q

What element are diamond and graphite made of?

A

Carbon

27
Q

How many covalent bonds does each atom have in diamond?

A

4

28
Q

What is another way of saying giant covalent structure?

A

Macromolecule

29
Q

Why is diamond so hard?

A

Lots of energy is needed to break he millions of covalent bonds in in, therefore it also has a very high melting point

30
Q

Why doesn’t diamond conduct electricity?

A

Because there are no free moving electrons or ions

31
Q

How many covalent bonds does each carbon atom have in graphite?

A

3

32
Q

Why does graphite have a high melting point?

A

There are strong covalent bonds between the molecules

33
Q

Why is graphite soft and slippery?

A

The bonds have weak forces of attraction so they can slide past each other easily

34
Q

How can graphite conduct electricity?

A

1 out of 4 electrons in the outer shell are delocalised

35
Q

What kinds of chains do HDPE’s have?

A

Long unbranched chains which allow hem to be close together and therefore high density

36
Q

Can HDPE’s be remoulded?

A

Yes, they can be softened and remoulded when heated

37
Q

What kinds of chains do LDPE’s have?

A

Branched chains therefore they cant be packed closely together and therefore low density

38
Q

Can LDPE’s be softened?

A

Yes they can be softened and remoulded very easily when heated

39
Q

What kinds of chains do thermosoftening polymers have?

A

Long unbranched chains, so when they’re heated they can slide over each other

40
Q

Can thermosoftening be remoulded?

A

Yes they can remoulded and once cool they can be reheated and remoulded

41
Q

Example of thermossoftening polymers

A

Polyethene in carrier bags

42
Q

What kinds of chains do thermosetting polymers have?

A

Long chains that cross link to other long chains preventing them from sliding over eachother

43
Q

Can thermosetting polymers be remouled?

A

No, once cool they cannot be remoulded

44
Q

Examples of thermosetting polymers

A

Rubber in car tyres

45
Q

What is the relative formula mass (Ar or Mr) of a substance in grams also known as?

A

A mole of the substance

46
Q

What does one mole of an atom contain no matter the element

A

6x10^23

47
Q

Why might you not get 100% yield?

A
  • A reaction might be reversible
  • Some product may be lost during the process eg. spillages
  • Unwanted reactions might take place to make different products
48
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest ratio of the atom of each element present in the compound

49
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of the atoms of each element in the compound

50
Q

How do you find an rf value? (chromatography)

A

distance substances moved / distance solvent moved

51
Q

What is the pH of an acid?

A

pH 1 to 6

52
Q

What are ammonium salts used for?

A

Fertilisers

53
Q

What does the symbol aq stand for

A

Aqueous (dissolved in solution)

54
Q

What ions form when you add acid to water?

A

H+ ions

55
Q

What salt is made when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?

A

Magnesium chloride

56
Q

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a metal?

A
  • Salt

- Hydrogen

57
Q

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and an alkali

A
  • Salt

- Water

58
Q

What is the pH of an alkali?

A

pH8 to 14

59
Q

What ions are formed when a base is dissolved in water?

A

OH- ions

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