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Cogpsych (vis, pers.) > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

A

PERCEPTION

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2
Q

he introduced the concepts of perception and provided a useful framework for studying perception in his influential work.

A

James Gibson

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3
Q

the concepts of perception?

A
  • DISTAL (far) OBJECT
  • INFORMATIONAL MEDIUM
  • PROXIMAL (near) STIMULATION
  • PERCEPTUAL OBJECT (what you see)
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4
Q

a uniform visual field is called?

A

Ganzfeld

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5
Q

a uniform visual field is called Ganzfeld means ‘complete field’

A

GANZFELD EFFECT

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6
Q

Ganzfeld means

A

complete field

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7
Q

mental presentation of a stimulus that is perceived.

A

PERCEPT

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8
Q

Function: Processes location and motion information.

A

Dorsal Pathway

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9
Q

Dorsal Pathway is?

A

Where Pathway

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10
Q

Path: Ascends from the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe.

A

Dorsal Pathway

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11
Q

Deficit Example: Lesions in the parietal lobe can impair the ability to locate objects

A

Dorsal Pathway

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12
Q

Function: Processes the color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli.

A

Ventral Pathway

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13
Q

Path: Descends from the primary visual cortex to the
temporal lobe.

A

Ventral Pathway

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14
Q

Deficit Example: Lesions in the temporal lobe can impair object recognition

A

Ventral Pathway

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15
Q

Ventral Pathway is?

A

What Pathway

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16
Q

What-How Hypothesis:

A

Alternative Interpretation

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17
Q

Alternative Interpretation is proposed by?

A

Goodale and colleagues

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18
Q

Concept: Instead of just “what” and “where,” the pathways relate to “what” an object is and “how” we can interact with it

A

Alternative Interpretation

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19
Q

Responsible for object identification.

A

Ventral Stream (What Pathway)

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20
Q

Controls movements related to the identified objects

A

Dorsal Stream (How Pathway)

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21
Q

These theories suggest that
perception starts with the sensory stimuli taken in by our
eyes, and then the brain processes this data. It is a
data-driven approach

A

Bottom-Up Theories

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22
Q

These theories propose that
perception is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and expectations. Perception starts with what we know and expect, then considers the sensory data

A

Top-Down Theories

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23
Q

what are the BOTTOM - UP THEORIES?

A

DIRECT PERCEPTION
TEMPLATE THEORIES
FEATURE MATCHING THEORIES
RECOGNITION - BY - COMPONENTS THEORY

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24
Q

the information in
our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

A

DIRECT PERCEPTION

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25
Q

indicates that direct perception
may be involves in person perception

A

Neuroscience

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26
Q

suggest that our minds store myriad sets of templates

A

TEMPLATE THEORIES

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27
Q

Template matching theories belong to the group of?

A

chunk-based theories

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28
Q

Letters of the alphabet are simpler than faces and other
complex stimuli.

A

NEUROSCIENCE AND TEMPLATE THEORIES

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29
Q

we attempt to match
features of a pattern to features tored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

A

FEATURE - MATCHING THEORIES

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30
Q

In this model, metaphoric “demons” with specific
duties recieve and analyze the features of a stimulus.

A

THE PANDEMONIUM MODEL

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31
Q

was a mathematician and
computer scientist who pioneered the early foundations of modern artificial intelligence

A

Oliver Gordon Selfridge

32
Q

4 KINDS OF DEMONS:

A
  • Image demons
  • Feature demons
  • Cognitive demons
  • Decision demons
33
Q

Seeing with the help of Geometric shape called

A

Geons

34
Q

Geometric shape

A

Irving Biederman

35
Q

are viewpoint-invariant, so studies should show that neurons exist that react to properties of an object that stay the same, no matter whether
you look at them from the front or the side.

A

Geons

36
Q

Are the influences of the surrounding environment on the perception

A

Context Effect

37
Q

One reason for favoring the constructive approach is that ___ theories of perception do not fully explain context effects.

A

bottom-up (data-driven)

38
Q

the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her

A

VIEWER-CENTERED REPRESENTATION

39
Q

the individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer.

A

OBJECT-CENTERED REPRESENTATION

40
Q

information is categorized by its relation to a well-known or prominent.

A

LANDMARK-CENTERED REPRESENTATION

41
Q

Developed in Germany in the early twentieth century.

A

GESTALT LAWS

42
Q

It is particularly useful for understanding how we perceive groups of objects or parts of objects to form integral wholes

A

GESTALT LAWS

43
Q

GESTALT LAWS was founded by:

A

Kurt Koffka (1886–1941) Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1968)
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943

44
Q

It is based on the notion that the whole differs from the sum of its individual parts

A

GESTALT LAWS

45
Q

showed that only humans misjudged the size of the central circle in the Ebbinghaus illusion, whereas baboons did not

A

experiment by Parron and Fagot

46
Q

recognizing parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes.

A

FEATURE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

47
Q

recognizing larger configurations, not analyzing parts of objects or the
construction of the objects

A

CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM

48
Q

Studies indicate that emotional processing increases activation within the fusiform gyrus
when people process faces.

A

FUSIFORM GYRUS AND EMOTION

49
Q

who often have impaired emotional recognition, show less activation in the fusiform gyrus compared to non-autistic individuals.

A

AUTISM AND EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION

50
Q

Not all researchers agree that the fusiform gyrus is specialized solely for face perception. Some argue that while it shows the greatest activation for face perception, other brain areas also activate to a lesser degree when perceiving faces.

A

*FACE PERCEPTION SPECIALIZATION

51
Q

The fusiform gyrus is activated when examining items of visual expertise. For instance, bird or car experts show fusiform gyrus activation when differentiating among similar items within their domain of expertise

A

EXPERT-INDIVIDUATION HYPOTHESIS

52
Q

the inability to recognize faces, highlights the critical role of the fusiform gyrus. Individuals with this condition can detect emotions but cannot recognize whether the face belongs to a familiar person.

A

PROSOPAGNOSIA

53
Q

struggle with recognizing emotions in faces, likely
due to atypical eye movement patterns.

A

SCHIZOPHRENIA AND FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION

54
Q

when our perception of an object remains the same even though the sensory input (proximal sensation) changes

A

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES

55
Q

TWO MAIN CONSTANCIES

A

1.Size Constancy
2.Shape Constancy

56
Q

The perception that an object maintains the same size despite
changes in the size of the proximal stimulus.

A

SIZE CONSTANCY

57
Q

The perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus.

A

SHAPE CONSTANCY

58
Q

involves using various cues to perceive the distance of objects.

A

DEPTH PERCEPTION

59
Q

these are visual signals that help the brain perceive how far away objects are

A

DEPTH CUES

60
Q

the 2 CUES AND MECHANISMS

A
  1. Monocular
  2. Binocular
61
Q

visual signals that help us perceive depth and distance using just one eye.

A

MONOCULAR DEPTH MECHANISM

62
Q

visual signals that help us perceive depth and distance using both eyes

A

BINOCULAR DEPTH MECHANISM

63
Q

trouble perceiving sensory information

A

AGNOSIA

64
Q

can perceive the colors and shapes of objects and persons,
but they cannot recognize what objects are.

A

AGNOSIA

65
Q

have trouble with the ‘what’ pathway

A

Agnosia

66
Q

an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.

A

SIMULTAGNOSIA

67
Q

severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.

A

PROSOPAGNASIA

68
Q

impaired ability to use the visual system to guide movement.

A

OPTIC ATAXIA

69
Q

have trouble reaching for reaching things

A

OPTIC ATAXIA

70
Q

the “how” is impaired.

A

OPTIC ATAXIA

71
Q

common in men than in women and are often genetically linked. These deficits can also result from lesions in the ventromedial occipital and temporal lobes.

A

Color perception deficits

72
Q

Least common form of color deficiency

A

Color perception deficits

73
Q

Complete absence of color vision

A

Color perception deficits

74
Q

Cones are nonfunctional; vision is limited to shades of gray perceived through rods

A

Color perception deficits

75
Q

Only two out of three mechanisms for
color perception function correctly

A

Color perception deficits

76
Q

Results in different types of color blindness: Red-Green Color Blindness, Protanopia, Deuteranopia, Tritanopia,
etc

A

Color perception deficits

77
Q
A

Cogpsych (vis, pers.) (3 decks)

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