Attention Part 2

Question 1

when someone ignores one half of their visual field due to brain damage

Answer 1

Spatial neglect

Question 2

If you and a friend are at the zoo, and your friend has ____, they won’t notice anything on one side (like the left side) of their view, even if it’s right in front of them.

Cause: This happens because of damage to specific parts of the brain, usually the right parietal or frontal lobe.

Answer 2

spatial neglect

Question 3

Drawing Test: If asked to copy pictures, patients might only draw one side, showing they don’t see or focus on the other side.

Answer 3

spatial neglect

Question 4

Extinction: When both sides of the visual field have stimuli, people with ___ may ignore the side opposite their brain lesion. They might still notice single-side stimuli but have trouble shifting their attention between the two sides

Answer 4

spatial neglect

Question 5

Testing: To test for ___, patients might be asked to draw lines on a page. Those with right hemisphere damage might draw the lines to the right side of the page, missing the left side, and those with left hemisphere damage might do the opposite.

Answer 5

spatial neglect

Question 6

Memory: This issue can also affect memory. For example, patients might describe only one side of a familiar place, even though they know it well from different angles.

Answer 6

spatial neglect

Question 7

Brain Areas: Recent studies suggest that ___ is linked to parts of the brain such as the posterior superior temporal gyrus, insula, basal ganglia, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus in the parietal lobe.

Answer 7

spatial neglect

Question 8

involves our becoming accustomed to a stimulus so that we gradually pay less and less attention to it.

Answer 8

Habituation

Question 9

We can exert some conscious control over ___, unlike sensory adaptation, which occurs in the sense organs and is beyond our control.

Answer 9

habituation

Question 9

a change in a familiar stimulus prompts us to start noticing the stimulus again

Answer 9

Dishabituation

Question 10

is a lessening of attention to a stimulus that is not subject to conscious control. Occurs directly in sense organ not in the brain.

Answer 10

Sensory adaptation

Question 11

Stimuli with more variation (e.g., changing music) are harder to habituate to than constant stimuli (e.g., a fan’s hum).

Answer 11

Internal Variation

Question 12

The level of physiological excitement or readiness for action can influence habituation

Answer 12

Subjective Arousal

Question 13

a degree of physiological excitation, responsivity, and readiness for action, relative to a baseline

Answer 13

Arousal

Question 14

often is measured in terms of heart rate, blood pressure, electroencephalograph (EEG) patterns, and other physiological signs.

Answer 14

Arousal

Question 15

___ allows us to ignore repetitive, non-threatening stimuli in our environment, enabling us to focus on more important tasks.

Answer 15

Habituation

Question 16

Without ___, we would be overwhelmed by the sheer volume of sensory information we encounter daily. By becoming accustomed to familiar stimuli, we prevent sensory overload, which could otherwise lead to stress, anxiety, and difficulty functioning in busy environments.

Answer 16

habituation

Question 17

___ allows us to quickly detect changes in our environment that might signal danger or require our attention. For example, while we might ignore the usual traffic noise, the sudden sound of screeching brakes would immediately catch our attention, prompting us to respond appropriately.

Answer 17

Habituation

Question 18

___ helps us sleep in environments with consistent background noises, like living near a busy street or airport. Over time, we get used to these sounds and can sleep soundly without being disturbed.

Answer 18

Habituation

Question 19

____ also plays a role in emotional regulation. By becoming accustomed to certain emotional stimuli or recurring social situations, we can manage our emotional reactions more effectively, maintaining calm and composure in familiar contexts.

Answer 19

Habituation

Question 20

___ helps us adapt to new environments by allowing us to gradually become comfortable with unfamiliar stimuli. This is essential for learning, as it frees up cognitive resources to focus on new information once we’ve adjusted to the surroundings.

Answer 20

Habituation

Question 21

___ can reduce anxiety by helping us become less sensitive to stressors over time. For example, a person who is initially anxious about public speaking may habituate to the experience after repeated exposure, leading to reduced anxiety in future situations.

Answer 21

Habituation

Question 22

performing without using concious awareness. Demand little or no effort of attention.

Answer 22

Automatic processes

Question 23

Multiple automatic processes can happen simultaneously or in rapid succession without a specific order.

Answer 23

Parallel Processes

Question 24

You can read a book or article while occasionally sipping coffee. The action of drinking the coffee is ___ and doesn’t interrupt your reading.

Answer 24

automatic

Question 25

Action involve with concious awareness

Answer 25

controlled processes

Question 26

Three attributes characterize automatic processes

Answer 26

they are concealed from consciousness

they are unintentional

they consume few attentional resources.

Question 27

start off as controlled processes eventually become automatic

Answer 27

automatization

Question 28

____ occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli.

For example when some starts playing an instrument

Answer 28

automatization

Question 29

____ can be lifesaving, especially in high-risk jobs like piloting or firefighting. By practicing safety procedures until they become automatic, people can react quickly in emergencies. However, ____ can also lead to mistakes, like when a pilot mindlessly follows a checklist and misses a crucial step, which can have serious consequences.

Answer 29

automatic processes

Question 30

A driver who has been on a familiar route for years might automatically follow their usual path without consciously checking if it’s still appropriate. This could lead to accidents if they miss new road signs or changes in traffic conditions.

Answer 30

automatization

Question 31

Occur when there’s an error in planning or deciding the goal. For instance, if you decide not to study and leave your textbook behind, it’s a mistake in goal setting.

Answer 31

Mistakes

Question 32

Happen during the execution of a task when automatic processes interfere. For example, if you meant to bring your textbook but accidentally leave it behind, it’s a slip in the execution process.

Answer 32

Slips

Question 33

___ are more likely when routine processes interfere with intentional actions. For example, automatic typing might be disrupted if you’re distracted by thoughts.

Answer 33

Slips

Question 34

External (e.g., distractions) or internal (e.g., intrusive thoughts) interruptions can lead to ___?

Answer 34

slips

Question 35

People are usually unaware of basic mental processes, like recognizing whether a letter is uppercase or lowercase.

Answer 35

Simple Processes

Question 36

There are two main views on how conscious we are of complex mental processes

Answer 36

Complex Processes

Question 37

People have good____ to complex processes. For example, protocol analysis of problem-solving tasks (like chess or cryptarithmetic problems) suggests people are aware of their thinking processes.

Answer 37

conscious access

Question 38

In chess According to this view, the player is consciously aware of the steps and strategies they use to evaluate the board and make decisions. They can articulate their thought process, such as considering potential moves and counter-moves, and explaining why they chose a specific strategy. This is supported by studies like protocol analysis, where players’ verbal descriptions of their thought processes are examined to understand their decision-making.

Answer 38

complex processes

Question 39

According to this view, the person might believe they made the decision based on specific features or attributes, but their actual thought process is less clear. They may not fully understand or be able to articulate all the factors influencing their decision. This view suggests that while they are aware of the decision’s outcome (which model they bought), their understanding of how they arrived at that decision is often flawed or incomplete. Advertisers take advantage of this by shaping unconscious preferences to influence purchasing decisions, despite the individual’s conscious justifications

Answer 39

complex mental processes

Question 40

___ includes stored memories that we are not using at a given time but that we could summon when needed.

Answer 40

Information

Question 41

a psychological phenomenon used to study how stimuli affect our perceptions, even when we’re not consciously aware of them.

Answer 41

Priming

Question 42

A participant first sees a “prime” stimulus. After a break, they are shown a second stimulus and asked to make a judgment (e.g., are both stimuli the same?). This helps determine if the first stimulus influenced their perception of the second.

Answer 42

Priming Process

Question 43

The first stimulus can make related concepts more accessible. For instance, if you hear a conversation about “satellite dishes,” you’ll more readily think of “satellite dish” when you later see the word “dish.”

Answer 43

Positive Priming

Question 44

Sometimes, the first stimulus can hinder recognition of the second. For example, solving problems with a specific formula might make it harder to solve a different problem requiring a new formula.

Answer 44

Negative Priming

Question 45

can occur even if the first stimulus is presented too briefly for conscious awareness. For instance, if you see the word “palm” too quickly to consciously register, both meanings (tree and body part) might be activated and influence your subsequent responses.

Answer 45

Preconscious Priming

Question 46

conducted an experiment where participants were shown the word “palm” very briefly. The word “palm” can mean both a type of tree and a part of the hand. After this brief exposure, participants were asked to classify a subsequent word, like “wrist” (related to “palm” as a body part) or “coconut” (related to “palm” as a tree). Those who consciously saw the word “palm” could more quickly classify “wrist” if they associated “palm” with the body part. However, if “palm” was presented too briefly to be consciously noticed, both meanings of “palm” were activated, affecting their responses.

Answer 46

Marcel’s Study

Question 47

participants were shown pairs of three-word groups. For instance, one group might include “playing,” “credit,” and “report,” which are related to “card” (playing card, credit card, report card). Another group might include “still,” “pages,” and “music,” which are unrelated. Participants had to identify which group was coherent. Even if they couldn’t consciously figure out the unifying fourth word, they could still identify the coherent group more accurately than chance, showing preconscious processing.

Answer 47

Dyad of Triads Task

Question 48

participants listen to a list of words while under anesthesia. After waking up, they are tested with tasks like word-stem completion (e.g., “sto__”). Even though participants don’t consciously remember the words heard while anesthetized, they are more likely to complete the stem with words from the list they heard, such as “store,” indicating priming effects.

Answer 48

Auditory Priming

Question 49

occurs when you know a word is stored in your memory but cannot quite retrieve it at the moment.

Answer 49

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 50

In a classic study (Brown & McNeill, 1966), participants heard definitions and tried to guess the corresponding words. They might remember details like the first letter or syllables, but not the full word.

Answer 50

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 51

happens across different languages and is more common in bilinguals and older adults. Bilinguals might experience it more because they use each language less frequently. Older adults experience it more often compared to younger adults.

Answer 51

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 52

The anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices are active during this experience, as these brain areas work on resolving the difficulty in retrieving the word.

Answer 52

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 53

Individuals with damage to parts of their visual cortex may experience ___?

Answer 53

blindsight

Question 54

means they have some visual abilities in areas of their visual field where they are otherwise blind. They can guess object locations and orientations correctly even though they claim not to see them.

Answer 54

blindsight

Question 55

Case Study of D.B.: A patient named D.B. was blind on the left side of his visual field after surgery. Despite reporting no awareness of objects on this side, he performed better than chance on tests involving objects presented there, demonstrating that some visual processing occurred without conscious awareness.

Answer 55

blindsight

Question 56

-___ occurs because visual information bypasses damaged parts of the visual cortex and is processed by other brain areas. This information remains preconscious but can influence behavior and responses.

Answer 56

Blindsight