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Physics: P1 > P1.5 The use of waves for communication and to provide evidence that the universe is expanding > Flashcards

P1.5 The use of waves for communication and to provide evidence that the universe is expanding Flashcards

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1
Q

What do waves transfer?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

The displacement from the rest position to the crest

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3
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

The length of a full cycle of the wave, crest to crest

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4
Q

What is the frequency?

A

The number of complete waves passing a certain point per second. Measure in hertz

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5
Q

What are the two types of waves?

A

Transverse and longitudinal

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6
Q

At what angle are the vibrations in transverse waves to the direction of energy transfer of the wave?

A

Perpendicular, at 90 degrees

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7
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A

Light and all other electromagnetic waves, waves on strings, ripples on water, slinky spring wiggled up and down

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8
Q

In what position are vibrations in longitudinal waves to the direction of energy transfer of the wave?

A

Parallel

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9
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves?

A

Sound waves, ultrasound, shock waves, slinky spring when you push the end

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10
Q

What is the equation for wave speed?

A

Speed= Frequency x Wavelength

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11
Q

How do all electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum?

A

At the same speed

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12
Q

What are the different areas of a longitudinal wave?

A

Rarefaction and compression

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13
Q

What can all waves be?

A

Reflected, refracted and diffracted

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14
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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15
Q

What is the name of the construction line perpendicular to the reflecting surface?

A

The normal

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16
Q

What happens when light is travelling in the same direction and reflects from an even surface?

A

It is reflected at the same angle

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17
Q

What is the image produced in a plane mirror?

A

The same size, upright, same distance, inverted, virtual

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18
Q

What can radio waves, microwaves, infrared and visible light be used for?

A

Communication

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19
Q

What happens to cause refraction?

A

Waves entering a more/less dense medium causing a change in direction

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20
Q

What is diffraction?

A

When a wave gets spread out when passing through a gap or round an obstacle

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21
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Gamma ray, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Microwave, Radio

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22
Q

Which part of the spectrum has the the highest frequency?

A

Gamma

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23
Q

Which part of the spectrum has the lowest frequency?

A

Radio

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24
Q

Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

A

Gamma

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25
Q

Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength?

A

Radio

26
Q

Which is the only part of the spectrum we can see?

A

Visible light

27
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Satellite communication and mobile phones

28
Q

What is infrared used for?

A

Remote controls and optical fibres

29
Q

What is visible light used for?

A

Phtography

30
Q

How does sound travel?

A

As a longitudinal wave

31
Q

Where can’t sound travel?

A

In a vacuum because there are no particles

32
Q

When are waves not refracted?

A

When travelling along the normal

33
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Television and radio

34
Q

What do sound waves cause?

A

Vibrations in a medium, picked up as sound

35
Q

What is the pitch of a sound determined by?

A

Its frequency

36
Q

What is the loudness of a sound determined by?

A

Its amplitude

37
Q

High frequency means…

A

Shorter wavelength

38
Q

What will sound waves do?

A

Reflect and Refract

39
Q

What are echoes?

A

Reflected sound waves

40
Q

Why is there a delay between the original sounds and the echo?

A

Because the echoed sound waves have to travel further

41
Q

When light waves enter a denser material they…

A

Slow down and bend towards the normal

42
Q

What happens when something emitting waves moves towards or away from you?

A

The wavelengths and frequencies seem different compared to when they are stationary. This is the Doppler effect

43
Q

The frequency of a source moving towards you will seem…

A

Higher and its wavelength will seem shorter

44
Q

The frequency of a source moving away from you will seem…

A

Lower and its wavelength will seem longer

45
Q

Which waves does the Doppler effect effect?

A

Longitudinal and Transverse

46
Q

What wave source could the Doppler effect involve?

A

Light, Sound or microwave

47
Q

What colour do distant galaxies appear to us?

A

Red

48
Q

What does the red-shift of other galaxies suggest to us?

A

The galaxies are moving away from us

49
Q

More distant galaxies have greater…

A

Red-shifts than nearer ones

50
Q

The galaxies moving away from us proves the universe is…

A

Expanding

51
Q

The further away the galaxies are, the faster they are moving and the…

A

Bigger the observed increase in wavelength

52
Q

What does the expansion of the universe suggest?

A

That the universe must have started at one point and started expanding

53
Q

What is the thought cause of this expansion of the universe?

A

The Big Bang

54
Q

What is cosmic background radiation?

A

A low frequency electromagnetic radiation coming from all parts of the universe, present shortly after the beginning of the universe

55
Q

What is the explanation of cosmic background radiation

A

After the Big Bang while the universe was very hot everything in the universe emitted very high frequency radiation. As the universe expanded and cooled the radiation dropped frequency

56
Q

If an object is moving away from us the light waves…

A

Get spread out which decreases the frequency and makes them appear red

57
Q

What colour would an object coming towards us appear to be?

A

Blue

58
Q

What is the only explanation for cosmic background radiation?

A

The big bang

59
Q

Is the Big Bang theory perfect?

A

No, there are still things that the big bang does not answer, e.g. the big bang predicts the universe’s expansion slowing down but it actually appears to be speeding up

60
Q

Will the Big Bang theory ever be dropped?

A

It is more likely to be adapted to account for its weaknesses as many scientists are persuaded by it

Physics: P1 (5 decks)

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