P11 Part 2: Treatment of Infection, Segment 2 Flashcards
AIDS is associated with…
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HIV is a ___virus
retrovirus
HIV attacks…
T4 lymphocytes
what does the loss of lymphocytes lead to
impaired immune function
action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors
prevent conversion of viral RNA to viral DNA (reverse transcription)
two agents of RTIs
- nucleoside
2. non-nucleoside
what do nucleosides act as
false substrate
what do non-nucleosides do
block active site on reverse transcriptase
mechanism of RTIs
inhibit reverse transcriptase
what does reverse transcriptase do
enzyme that transforms viral RNA to viral DNA
what is HIV protease
key enzyme in final steps of HIV synthesis
what do protease inhibitors do
mimic viral components (block protease function)
what do HIV entry inhibitors do
impair ability of HIV to fuse with and enter host (CD4) lymphocytes
what do integrase inhibitors do
inhibit HIV integrase
what does HIV integrase do
enzyme that splices viral DNA into host cell DNA
are there strategies to impair HIV replication now?
yes
each strategy to impair HIV replication…
inhibits a specific part of the HIV replication cycle
anti-HIV drug side effects (5)
- myopathy/neuropathy
- lipodystrophy syndrome
- blood dyscrasias
- GI distress
- immune reaction
what is the current strategy of anti-HIV combination strategies
highly active antretroviral therapy (HAART)
what is the general combination (of drugs) for anti-HIV drugs
2 nucleoside RTIs and 1 non-nucleoside RTI
in anti-HIV drugs, why might other drugs be added or substituted
to maintain antiviral effects and to avoid developing resistance
what are two other common medications in AIDS
- treatment of opportunistic infections (antibacterials, antivirals)
- treatment of cancers
what is another term for fungal infections
mycosis
fungal infections are often ____ or ____
superficial or local
can mycoses by systemic (serious in immunocompromised host)?
yes
what is a common antifungal drug
imidazole
what do imidazoles do
synthesize membrane components
for imidazoles, local v. systemic use determined by…
toxicity
what do other antifungals generally do
impair membrane integrity or biochemistry of fungal cells
what are problems with topical-local use of antifungals (2)
- few serious side effects
2. excessive use may cause resistance
what are problems with systemic use of antifungals (4)
- headaches
- GI problems
- hepatotoxicity
- blood dyscrasias
