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Clinical Medicine (Fall 2016) > P11 Part 1: Treatment of Infection, Segment 1 > Flashcards

P11 Part 1: Treatment of Infection, Segment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of anti-infectious drugs

A
  1. antibacterials
  2. antivirals
  3. antifungals
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2
Q

what is the common goal of antibacterials, antivirals, and antifungals (anti-infectious drugs)

A

selective toxicity (to the specific problematic cell with no damage to healthy cells)

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3
Q

what are bacteria

A

single cell microorganisms

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4
Q

how are bacterial cells different from human cells (3)

A
  1. rigid cell membrane
  2. different ribosomes
  3. different nucleic acid metabolism
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5
Q

mechanism of antibacterial drugs (general) (3)

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
  2. inhibit protein synthesis
  3. inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function
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6
Q

bacterial membrane is more rigid than human cells… bacterial membranes contain…

A

peptidoglycans

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7
Q

certain antibacterial agents inhibit ____ or create ____

A
  • inhibit wall synthesis

- create hole in lipid bilayer

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8
Q

what do peptidoglycans do

A

gives strength to the membrane of bacterial cells

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9
Q

what do antibacterials do to peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell membrane

A

inhibit the production of it, leading to destruction of the cell

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10
Q

are bacterial ribosomes and human ribosomes identical

A

no

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11
Q

what happens when antibacterials bind to bacterial ribosomes

A

inhibit protein synthesis = cell destruction

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12
Q

what do antibacterials prevent the creation of ____ regarding protein synthesis from ribosomes

A

prevent the creation of mRNA

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13
Q

is nucleic acid metabolism the same between bacterial and human

A

no

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14
Q

regarding DNA/RNA synthesis, certain drugs decrease DNA synthesis by inhibiting _____ production

A

inhibiting folic acid production

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15
Q

do some drugs directly inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synthesis/function?

A

YUP

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16
Q

what is the “effect” portion of antibacterial drugs

A

bactericidal v. bacteriostatic

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17
Q

what does bactericidal mean

A

will kill bacteria cell

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18
Q

what does bacteriostatic mean

A

slow down reproductive function

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19
Q

what is the “spectrum” portion of antibacterial drugs

A

broad v. narrow

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20
Q

what is broad spectrum

A

effect is generalized (all gram + bacteria)

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21
Q

what is narrow spectrum

A

effect is targeted for specific strand of bacteria

22
Q

what is the main problem with the “resistance” portion of antibacterial drugs

A

strains develop natural defense against drugs

23
Q

what does S. aureus treat

A

VRSA and MRSA

24
Q

what to enterococcus treat

A

VRE

25
Q

what does S. penumoniae

A

PRSP

26
Q

how do bacteria resist antibacterial drugs (5)

A
  1. develop drug-destroying enzymes
  2. alter or mask drug binding site
  3. change enzymes targeted by drugs
  4. decrease drug penetration
  5. develop drug efflux pumps
27
Q

what are two methods of prevention for bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials

A
  1. antibacterial “stewardship”

2. treatment

28
Q

what is antibacterial “stewardship”

A
  • avoid overuse, especially broad spectrum

- use narrow spectrum whenever possible

29
Q

what is the treatment portion of preventing bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials

A

provide 2nd drug to overcome resistance

30
Q

side-effects of antibacterials (4)

A
  1. hypersensitivity, allergic rxns
  2. UV sensitivity
  3. help prevent spread of infection
  4. tendon damage
31
Q

what tendons are most affected in tendon damage from antibacterials

A

often large, weight bearing tendons (Achilles)

32
Q

what can tendon damage lead to from antibacterials

A

rupture

33
Q

risk of tendon damage after antibacterials increases with… (4)

A
  1. older patients
  2. renal failure
  3. taking glucocorticoids
  4. history of damage, pre-existing tendinopathy
34
Q

what is a potential cause of tendon damage following antibacterials

A

unclear cause, but may be related to oxidative damage at the cellular level

35
Q

onset of tendon damage can be ____

A

rapid (within 2 hours occasionally)

36
Q

most cases of tendon damage occurs ____ (when)

A

within the 1st month

37
Q

treatment of tendon damage following antibacterials (2)

A
  1. discontinue drug

2. protect tendon

38
Q

what is the “core” of a virus

A

DNA or RNA

39
Q

what is the “core” (DNA/RNA) surrounded by

A

protein shell (CAPSID)

40
Q

virus absorbs onto ___

A

host cell

41
Q

virus penetrates into host cell, then…

A

releases genetic material

42
Q

_____ or _____ takes over the host cell, uses cell to make new virus

A

viral DNA/RNA

43
Q

viral symptoms related to…

A

loss of host cell function

44
Q

are antiviral drugs specific

A

yes

45
Q

usually how many types of viruses are targeted by each antiviral drug

A

1

46
Q

antiviral drugs are usually…

A

virustatic (as opposed to virucidal)

47
Q

what are interferons

A

small proteins

48
Q

interferons are produced…

A

endogenously

49
Q

function of interferons (2)

A
  1. control cell division/differentiation

2. control immune responses

50
Q

antiviral vaccines are typically made from…

A

“modified” virus

51
Q

when are antiviral vaccines administered typically

A

prior to exposure to virus

52
Q

what do antiviral vaccines do

A

stimulate immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies

Clinical Medicine (Fall 2016) (7 decks)

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