P11 Part 1: Treatment of Infection, Segment 1 Flashcards
what are the three types of anti-infectious drugs
- antibacterials
- antivirals
- antifungals
what is the common goal of antibacterials, antivirals, and antifungals (anti-infectious drugs)
selective toxicity (to the specific problematic cell with no damage to healthy cells)
what are bacteria
single cell microorganisms
how are bacterial cells different from human cells (3)
- rigid cell membrane
- different ribosomes
- different nucleic acid metabolism
mechanism of antibacterial drugs (general) (3)
- inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
- inhibit protein synthesis
- inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis and function
bacterial membrane is more rigid than human cells… bacterial membranes contain…
peptidoglycans
certain antibacterial agents inhibit ____ or create ____
- inhibit wall synthesis
- create hole in lipid bilayer
what do peptidoglycans do
gives strength to the membrane of bacterial cells
what do antibacterials do to peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell membrane
inhibit the production of it, leading to destruction of the cell
are bacterial ribosomes and human ribosomes identical
no
what happens when antibacterials bind to bacterial ribosomes
inhibit protein synthesis = cell destruction
what do antibacterials prevent the creation of ____ regarding protein synthesis from ribosomes
prevent the creation of mRNA
is nucleic acid metabolism the same between bacterial and human
no
regarding DNA/RNA synthesis, certain drugs decrease DNA synthesis by inhibiting _____ production
inhibiting folic acid production
do some drugs directly inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA synthesis/function?
YUP
what is the “effect” portion of antibacterial drugs
bactericidal v. bacteriostatic
what does bactericidal mean
will kill bacteria cell
what does bacteriostatic mean
slow down reproductive function
what is the “spectrum” portion of antibacterial drugs
broad v. narrow
what is broad spectrum
effect is generalized (all gram + bacteria)
what is narrow spectrum
effect is targeted for specific strand of bacteria
what is the main problem with the “resistance” portion of antibacterial drugs
strains develop natural defense against drugs
what does S. aureus treat
VRSA and MRSA
what to enterococcus treat
VRE
what does S. penumoniae
PRSP
how do bacteria resist antibacterial drugs (5)
- develop drug-destroying enzymes
- alter or mask drug binding site
- change enzymes targeted by drugs
- decrease drug penetration
- develop drug efflux pumps
what are two methods of prevention for bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials
- antibacterial “stewardship”
2. treatment
what is antibacterial “stewardship”
- avoid overuse, especially broad spectrum
- use narrow spectrum whenever possible
what is the treatment portion of preventing bacteria becoming resistant to antibacterials
provide 2nd drug to overcome resistance
side-effects of antibacterials (4)
- hypersensitivity, allergic rxns
- UV sensitivity
- help prevent spread of infection
- tendon damage
what tendons are most affected in tendon damage from antibacterials
often large, weight bearing tendons (Achilles)
what can tendon damage lead to from antibacterials
rupture
risk of tendon damage after antibacterials increases with… (4)
- older patients
- renal failure
- taking glucocorticoids
- history of damage, pre-existing tendinopathy
what is a potential cause of tendon damage following antibacterials
unclear cause, but may be related to oxidative damage at the cellular level
onset of tendon damage can be ____
rapid (within 2 hours occasionally)
most cases of tendon damage occurs ____ (when)
within the 1st month
treatment of tendon damage following antibacterials (2)
- discontinue drug
2. protect tendon
what is the “core” of a virus
DNA or RNA
what is the “core” (DNA/RNA) surrounded by
protein shell (CAPSID)
virus absorbs onto ___
host cell
virus penetrates into host cell, then…
releases genetic material
_____ or _____ takes over the host cell, uses cell to make new virus
viral DNA/RNA
viral symptoms related to…
loss of host cell function
are antiviral drugs specific
yes
usually how many types of viruses are targeted by each antiviral drug
1
antiviral drugs are usually…
virustatic (as opposed to virucidal)
what are interferons
small proteins
interferons are produced…
endogenously
function of interferons (2)
- control cell division/differentiation
2. control immune responses
antiviral vaccines are typically made from…
“modified” virus
when are antiviral vaccines administered typically
prior to exposure to virus
what do antiviral vaccines do
stimulate immune system to produce virus-specific antibodies
