P1. Topic 1- Energy 🥇 Flashcards
Name all the energy stores
Thermal
Kinetic
Gravitational potential
Elastic potential
Chemical
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Nuclear
What can energy never be
Created or destroyed
What can energy be
Transferred
How it energy transferred
Through stores
What happens when a system changes
Energy is transferred
What is a closed system
When neither matter energy nor matter can enter or leave, the net energy in the total energy will always be 0
What kind of energy store would be found in a kettle boiling water
Thermal
Give the methods that can transfer energy
Change in system,
heating
work done
falling objects
What is work done
The energy transferred
Give the formula for work done
Work done= force x displacement
Energy lost from the G.P.E store = ?
Energy gained in the kinetic energy
What forces act on a falling object
Gravitational energy turns into kinetic energy
In real life air resistance will also act and some energy will be transferred to other energy stores, e.g thermal
Which energy store is in relation with movement
Kinetic energy
What is the formula for kinetic energy
Kinetic energy= 1/2 mass x speed^2
What do raised objects store
Gravitational potential
Give the formula for gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength (9.8) x height
What does stretching do
Transfer energy to elastic potential energy stores
Give the formula for the elastic potential energy store
Elastic potential = 1/2 spring constant x extension ^2
What does greater height mean in terms of gravitational potential
More energy
What is specific heat capacity
Amount of energy required for a substance to be raised by 1°C/Kg
Do all materials have the same specific heat capacity
No!
Give the formula involving specific heat capacity
Change in thermal energy= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
Plan an investigation on how to investigate specific heat capacities of a solid material
Place the immersion heater into the central hole at the top of the block.
Place the thermometer into the smaller hole and put a couple of drops of water into the hole.
Fully insulate the block by wrapping it loosely with cotton wool.
Record the temperature of the block.
Connect the heater to the power supply and turn it off after ten minutes.
After ten minutes the temperature will still rise even though the heater has been turned off and then it will begin to cool. Record the highest temperature that it reaches and calculate the temperature rise during the experiment.
Why is water added into the smaller hole
It makes measuring temperature easier as measuring the temperature of solids is difficult
What is the conservation of energy principle
Energy is always conserved and is transferred usefully through stores
What happens to some energy during an energy transfer
Some is dissipated sometimes referred to as ‘wasted energy’
Name the energy transfers in a mobile phone
Chemical from the battery- some is dissipated in the form of thermal energy, which is why your phone may overheat
What does power mean
The rate of doing work
What is power measured in
Watts
What does one watt represent
1 joule of energy transferred per second
What two equations can you use to calculate power
Power= energy transferred/ time Power= work done/ time
What state does conduction mainly occur
Solid
What is conduction
The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
Describe what happens during conduction
Energy transferred by heating (thermal store) and energy is shared across the kinetic energy store of the particles in the object.
Particles will vibrate more and collide with each other, these collisions cause energy to be transferred. This is conduction.
The process continues throughout the object until it has transferred to the other side.
What is thermal conductivity
A measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material.
What state does convection occur in
Liquids and gasses
What is convection
Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
Describe the process of convection
Energy is transferred by heating to the thermal store do the liquid or gas, energy is shared across the kinetic stores
Particles move faster and space between individual particles increased, density decreases
Warmer and less dense region will rise above denser, cooler regions, constant heat source causes a convection current to be created
What reduces frictional forces
Lubrication
Give an example of lubrication
Most liquids that can coat objects, e.g oil
What does insulation do
Reduces the rate of energy transfer by heating to
Why is insulation useful
Keeps things warm, e.g houses or flasks
How can a house be insulated
Thick walls- lowers the thermal conductivity
Thermal insulation- cavity walls, loft insulation, doubles glazed windows, drought excluders
Plan an investigation of the effectiveness of different insulators. (This is not a RP)
Place a small beaker into a larger beaker.
Fill the small beaker with hot water from a kettle.
Put a piece of cardboard over the beakers as a lid. The lid should have a hole suitable for a thermometer.
Place a thermometer into the smaller beaker through the hole.
Record the temperature of the water in the small beaker and start the stopwatch.
Record the temperature of the water every 2 minutes for 20 minutes.
Repeat steps 1-6, each time packing the space between the large beaker and small beaker with the chosen insulating material.
Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time (x-axis).
Give a factor that affects how good a material is at insulating
Thickness of the material
Give the formula for efficiency (there are 2!)
Efficiency= useful output energy transfer/ total input energy transfer
Or
Efficiency= useful power output/ total power output
Name one example of a 100% efficient item
Electric heaters- all energy in the electrostatic energy is transferred to ‘useful’ thermal energy stores
Explain why water is added into the smaller hole
To allow a better reading as it is difficult to take the temperature of a solid pbject
Define non renewable
a substance that is used up more quickly than it can replace itself
Name the three main non renewable resources
Coal, oil, natural gas
What is a fossil fuel
A natural resource that forms underground over millions of years, typically burnt
Define renewable resource
A resource that will never run out as it can be produced
Give some examples of renewable resources
Solar
Wind
Water waves
Hydro electricity
Bio fuel
Tides
Geothermal
Name some non renewable resources that are used for transport
Petrol
Diesel
Coal (trains’
Name some renewable resources that are used for transport
Electricity
Bio fuels
Name some non renewable resources that can be used for heating
Natural gas
Coal
Electric heaters (electricity generated from non renewable resources)
Name some renewable resources that are used for heating
Geothermal
Solar water heaters
Bio fuel
Electricity (from renewable resources)
Describe how wind turbines work
Lots of wind turbines which have a generator inside which will generate electricity when turned
Do wind turbines pollute
No, except some when being manufactured
Give some advantages of wind power
Advantages
No pollution once they are manufactured
Renewable resource
No fuel cost
Minimal running cost
No permanent damage to the landscape
Give some disadvantages of wind power
Disadvantages:
Noisy
Look unappealing
Weather dependant (no wind or the wind is too strong)
Manufacturing releases some pollutants and is quite expensive
Impossible to increase supply
How many wind turbines are needed to replace one coal- fired power station
1500
Describe what a solar cell is
Utilising the suns solar radiation and converting it into energy
What is best charged with solar energy
Calculators and watches
Give some advantages of solar cells
No pollution after manufacturing
Very reliable in sunny countries
Running cost is almost zero
Give some disadvantages of solar cells
Weather dependant, only works when there is sun (not nighttime)
Can increase supply when demand is high
Initial costs are high and quite a lot of pollution is produced when manufacturing
Describe geothermal power
Energy is produced from underground energy stores
Where can geothermal energy be produced from
Underground, in volcanic areas where hot rocks lie near the surface
Give some advantages of geothermal power
Reliable and few environmental issues
Can heat buildings directly
Give some disadvantages of solar cells
Not many suitable locations for power plants
Expensive to build power plant
Describe hydro electric power
Used falling water to transfer energy from the kinetic store and requires the flooding of a big dam and the water turns turbines
Give some advantages of hydro electricity generated from power
No pollution
Can produce an immediate response when there is an increased demand for electricity
Reliable (unless during a drought)
No fuel costs
Give some disadvantages of hydro electricity generated from power
Can result in loss of habitat and destruction of ecosystems
Look unsightly
Describe wave power
Small turbines around the coast which has generators and the waves will turn them, which generates electricity
Give some advantages of wave powered turbines
No pollution
No fuel costs
Very useful on small islands
Give some disadvantages of wave powered turbines
Disturbs the seabed
Spoils the view
Hazardous to boats
Unreliable when wind drops
Initial costs are high and quite
Describe tidal barrages
Building big dams built across river estuaries, with turbines, as the tide comes in from the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, it fills the estuary. The water is then let through the turbines at a controlled speed
Give some advantages of tidal barrages
Reliable as it can happen twice a day without fail
No fuel costs
Minimal running costs
Has potential to generate significant amount of energy
Give some disadvantages of tidal barrages
Prevent free access of boats
Spoiling views
Initial costs are high
Height of tide is variable
What are bio fuels made of
Plants and waste
Give some advantages of biofuels
Carbon neutral- only if plants are burnt and growing at the same rate
Reliable as they don’t take long to grow and can respond to immediate energy demands
Give some disadvantages of biofuels
Expensive
May take up space for crops that are meant for food
Some large areas of forest have been cleared, loss of habitat, decay of burnt vegetation increases CO2 levels and methane emissions
Are renewable or non renewable resources more reliable
Non renewable
Why are non renewable resources good
Reliable
Not very expensive
Usually meet demand
Why are non renewable resources bad
Carbon dioxide is released when burnt, which adds to the greenhouse effect and global warming - causing extreme weather and ice caps melting as well as loss of habitat
Give some examples of the impact when non renewable resources are used
Soulful dioxide - acid rain
Views are spoilt due to mines
Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
Nuclear waste is difficult to dispose of
Nuclear power has potential to cause catastrophic effects, e.g Fukushima disaster
What factors limit the use of renewable energy
Reliability, money, politics
Why is money important in terms of renewable energy
Machinery and power plants are expensive to build
Why id politics important in terms of renewable energy
Many of the buildings will come from tax money and government, some think this use of money isn’t ethical
