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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > P1 Section C (Hazards) > Flashcards

P1 Section C (Hazards) Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes seismicity

A

Seismicity can be caused by mining, fracking, reservoir construction or most commonly plate tectonics

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2
Q

How does plate tectonics cause seismicity

A

plate tectonics cause seismicity as friction between plates builds stresses in the lithosphere until there is a release of this stress sending a series of seismic shockwaves from the focus until it travels through the ground to the epicentre where there is most intense ground shaking

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3
Q

What are the types of focus earthquakes

A

types of focus earthquakes are shallow, intermediate and deep

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4
Q

What is shallow earthquake

A

Shallow earthquake is 0-70km deep which create greatest damage and occur at constructive, conservative and destructive margins

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5
Q

What is intermediate earthquake

A

Intermediate earthquake is 70-300km deep

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6
Q

What is deep earthquake

A

Deep earthquake is 300-700km deep which occur at destructive margins

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7
Q

Types of seismic wave

A

Types of seismic wave are body wave and surface wave

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8
Q

What is body wave

A

Body waves are either P waves or S waves and travel through the interior of the earth and arrive before surface waves and are higher frequency

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9
Q

P wave

A

P wave is the fastest wave and can move through solid rock and liquids via compressions of pulling and pushing rocks

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10
Q

S wave

A

S wave is slower than P wave and can only move through solid rock and move rock particles up and down or side to side perpendicular to the direction of the wave travel

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11
Q

What is surface wave

A

Surface wave travel near to the surface and are slower than P and S waves

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12
Q

Causes of tsunamis

A

Causes of tsunamis are usually seismic activity like ocean floor earthquakes or submarine eruptions but can be caused by landslides, meteor and asteroid strikes

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13
Q

Features of a tsunami

A

Features of a tsunami are very low wave height until reach the shore, very long wave length between 100km and 1000km in open water, wave period between 10 and 60 minutes and speeds between 640 and 970kmph

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14
Q

What is Pacific Tsunami Warning System

A

Pacific Tsunami Warning System is a warning system based in Hawaii which gives many hours warning of approaching waves following seismic events

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15
Q

Location of Haiti

A

Haiti between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean at the conservative margin where the Caribbean plate and North American plate slip past each other

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16
Q

When was Haiti earthquake

A

Haiti earthquake was 2010

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17
Q

Death toll of Haiti 2010 EQ

A

Death toll of Haiti 2010 is estimated around 300,000 confirmed 100,000

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18
Q

Primary impacts of Haiti 2010 EQ

A

Primary impacts of Haiti 2010 are 70% schools destroyed, landslides destroyed wildlife, liquefaction on loose sediment caused subsidence of building foundations and also governmental buildings and 50* hospital were badly damaged

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19
Q

Secondary impacts of Haiti 2010

A

Secondary impacts of Haiti 2010 are half people in Port-au-Prince had no access to latrines so threw buckets of waste onto streets, people looted from shops due to lack of food, 1.5 million became homeless one year after and Haiti government crippled due to loss of civil servants and destruction of ministries

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20
Q

National response to Haiti 2010 EQ

A

National response to Haiti 2010 was government requesting $3.86 billion through action plans and support and 55 donors responded by pledging $5.6 billion and Dominican Republic offered support and accepted some refugees

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21
Q

International response to Haiti 2010

A

International response to Haiti 2010 was Habitat for Humanity helped 250,000 wounded in a 5 year recovery programme and they also built 300 permanent homes and created 2,100 job opportunities and $7 million was donated by 25,000 international donors

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22
Q

How is Haiti better prepared for the future

A

Haiti is better prepared for the future as over 2,800 CCPC members have received training that strengthened the capacity to evacuate at-risk populations and this proved instrumental in saving lives of 2021 Haitian EQ

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23
Q

What factors influenced the damage of the Haiti 2010 Earthquake

A

The factors which influenced the damage of the Haiti 2010 Earthquake are a combination of 13km focus, magnitude 7 and historic suffering through decades of conflict, poor governance and extreme poverty and 170th development in the world

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24
Q

How is Kobe better prepared for the future

A

Kobe is better prepared for the future as SMART meters have been installed so that if there is a breach in a gas line then supply will automatically shut off and also rubber shock absorbers were planned into the newly constructed buildings and 10 regions have been designated for intensive monitoring and earthquake-proof buildings have received major investment following 6,9 richter scale EQ

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25
Q

What was Japan Tsunami 2011 caused by

A

Japan Tsunami 2011 was caused by a magnitude 9 EQ under the Pacific Ocean 100km from the east coast of northern Honshu which led to sea water displacement

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26
Q

Primary impacts of Japan tsunami 2011

A

Primary impacts of Japan tsunami 2011 was waves surging 10km in land flooding an area of 500km^2, ground shakes caused collapsing buildings and fires from broke gas and petroleum pipes and over 19,000 deaths

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27
Q

Secondary impacts of Japan tsunami 2011

A

Secondary impacts of Japan tsunami 2011 are $360 billion in damages, half a million homeless, 6 million without electricity and explosions and radiation leaks at a nuclear power plant which spread fears of nuclear disaster leading to many panic-sales across global stock markets

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28
Q

Short term responses to Japan tsunami 2011

A

Short term responses to Japan tsunami 2011 were 100,000 soldiers mobilised, UK sent 63 search and rescue specialists and a medical support team and an exclusion zone was made around the power plant

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29
Q

Long term responses to Japan tsunami 2011

A

Long term responses to Japan tsunami 2011 are restart of nuclear reactors in 2016, special zones for reconstruction set up to encourage rapid building and tax incentives offered to support investors and in 2013, a new ungraded warning system was unveiled as many locals underestimated their risk

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30
Q

How was Japan prepared for the tsunami

A

Japan was prepared for the tsunami as a warning system have minutes of warning to the people on 3,000km coastlines at risk, so many could try escape

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31
Q

What caused Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 was caused by a magnitude 9.1 EQ due to the rupture of the Sunda Megathrust fault in the between the Burma plate and Indo-Australian plate

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32
Q

What exemplified the severity of the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Removal of mangrove swamps for economic reasons and tourism and the fact of no warning system exemplified the severity of the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

33
Q

How many countries were affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami

A

12 countries were affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 like India, Somalia, Indonesia and Seychelles

34
Q

Death toll of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Death toll of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 was over 250,000

35
Q

Primary impacts of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Primary impacts of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 are coastal ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs and forests destroyed, freshwater supplies damaged and saltwater made land infertile

36
Q

Secondary impacts of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Secondary impacts of Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 are human and chemical waste in floodwater, farmers unable to irrigate farmland with contaminated water supplies, local economy damaged by ruined fishing equipment and high population and tropical climate mean that disease like cholera and hepatitis created endemic fears

37
Q

Responses to Indian Ocean tsunami 2004

A

Responses to Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 was $14 billion in aid, US provided aircraft for search and rescue and transport of aid cargo, corruption hampered aid efforts like Sri Lanka rejecting Israeli aid and a tsunami warning system was implanted in response

38
Q

How frequent is seismic activity

A

Seismic activity is very frequent occurring every day at boundaries, but large EQs are less frequent

39
Q

How regular is seismic activity

A

Seismic activity isn’t very regular as earthquakes follow no pattern and are random

40
Q

How predictable is seismic activity

A

Seismic activity is impossible to predict, but microquakes may indicate but the magnitude cannot be predicted so strength is random

41
Q

What is a tropical storm

A

A tropical storm is a low pressure, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain

42
Q

What are the conditions for a tropical storm to form

A

conditions for a tropical storm to form are ocean temps of 26 degrees celsius and 50m deep, area of convergence between low and high pressures, soft wind shear and 5 degrees either side of the equator for Coriolis effect

43
Q

What is low pressure area

A

Low pressure area is where warm air rises and cools as it rises since the air is less dense, causing condensation into clouds so precipitation occurs

44
Q

What is high pressure area

A

High pressure area is where cool air falls and heats up so there is no condensation and no clouds and the climate is very dry like Antarctica and Sahara

45
Q

How do tropical storms form

A

Tropical storms form when intense heat of the ocean encourages rapid evaporation, and as this air rises and cools, thunderstorm clouds form and the low pressure area draws more and more moisture creating more thunderstorms which join to for a spinning storm due to Coriolis effect and an eye will form at the centre and when winds reach 74mph it becomes a tropical storm

46
Q

What powers a tropical storm

A

Tropical storms require water to be powered and so when the storm reaches land, friction and less water will slow and reduce the power of the storm

47
Q

How are tropical storms measured

A

Tropical storms are measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale which proposes 5 categories based on wind speed

48
Q

How frequent are tropical storms

A

Tropical storms are fairly frequent and form between June and November in northern hemisphere and between November and April in southern hemisphere but generally storms that reach land are thought to be increasing throughout years

49
Q

How regular are tropical storms

A

Tropical storms are irregular because their path never follow the same route which is based on the storm and climatic conditions, although tropical storms do occur in the same areas

50
Q

How predictable are tropical storms

A

Tropical storms are predictable as they form away from land and the satellite tracking of cloud formation can show the general route to come

51
Q

What are hazards associated with tropical storms

A

hazards associated with tropical storms are strong winds, storm surges, flooding and landslides

52
Q

What are strong winds

A

Strong winds are winds with average speeds of 74mph and can blow houses down and blow heavy debris

53
Q

What are storm surges

A

Storm surges are surges of high water around 3m in height caused by low air pressure and strong winds

54
Q

What is flooding

A

Flooding is from storm surges and heavy rain sending floodwater even outside of the storms pathway

55
Q

What are landslides

A

Landslides occur when soil becomes heavy due to saturation and collapse and this happened multiple times by Hurricane Mitch and killed 18,000 people

56
Q

What caused hurricane Katrina 2005

A

hurricane Katrina 2005 was caused by a small tropical depression over the warm waters off the coast of Florida

57
Q

Where did hurricane Katrina 2005 travel

A

hurricane Katrina 2005 travelled over southern Florida, Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana

58
Q

What category was hurricane Katrina 2005

A

hurricane Katrina 2005 was category 5 and dropped to category 3 over the Mississippi River delta

59
Q

Primary impacts of hurricane Katrina 2005

A

Primary impacts of hurricane Katrina 2005 were destruction of 30 oil platforms, 80% of New Orleans city flooded, 1,800 deaths and 560km^2 land lost due to beach erosion and $12 million lost in dairy industry

60
Q

Secondary impacts of hurricane Katrina 2005

A

Secondary impacts of hurricane Katrina 2005 was billions lost due to oil spills, over $105 billion reconstruction cost, racial tensions as many victims of hurricane were black African Americans and migration occurred from New Orleans to Houston which seen increases of 35,000 people

61
Q

Responses to hurricane Katrina 2005

A

Responses to hurricane Katrina 2005 was US coast guard evacuating 33,000/60,000 people stranded in New Orleans, US government gave $62 billion to help affected areas recover, a mandatory evacuation was given 24 hours before hurricane struck and afterwards, US educated people on how to survive tropical storm

62
Q

How were effects of hurricane Katrina 2005 exemplified

A

effects of hurricane Katrina 2005 were exemplified as 25% of households in New Orleans didn’t own cars, the fact people thought if they left their houses their homes would be looted and the fact much of New Orleans lies below sea-level exemplified effects of hurricane Katrina 2005

63
Q

Where is lower Ninth ward

A

Lower ninth ward is a ward of New Orleans

64
Q

How is lower ninth ward divided from rest of New Orleans

A

lower ninth ward is divided from rest of New Orleans physically by an industrial canal and the average household income was $28,000 a year before the hurricane

65
Q

How is lower ninth ward unevenly affected by hurricane Katrina 2005

A

lower ninth ward unevenly affected by hurricane Katrina 2005 as it received less money than the more upscale areas even if they required same levels of repair and it took 14 months for drinking water restoration compared to 2 months for the rest of the city

66
Q

Where was typhoon Haiyan 2013

A

typhoon Haiyan 2013 was in the Philippines but the city of Tacloban was worst affected

67
Q

How did typhoon Haiyan 2013 create such a threat

A

typhoon Haiyan 2013 created such a threat as many people ignored the warning and some people just didn’t receive the governmental message

68
Q

Primary impacts of typhoon Haiyan 2013

A

Primary impacts of typhoon Haiyan 2013 were 6300 deaths, 90% destruction of Tacloban, 30,000 fishing boats destroyed and 71,000 hectares of farmland affected and airport destroyed

69
Q

Secondary impacts of typhoon Haiyan 2013

A

Secondary impacts of typhoon Haiyan 2013 were 6 million losing source of income, economic impact of $5.8 billion, disease outbreak due to lack of food, water and shelter, landslides making rescue and recovery difficult and hospitals destroyed

70
Q

Short term responses to typhoon Haiyan 2013

A

Short term responses to typhoon Haiyan 2013 was 1200 evacuation centres set up, $1.5 billion in foreign aid pledged, slow response admitted by UN, 5 days later and residents still had no water or shelter

71
Q

Long term responses to typhoon Haiyan 2013

A

Long term responses to typhoon Haiyan 2013 was a “the Philippines say thank you” campaign broadcast to show appreciation, WHO and UNICEF vaccinated children against polio and measles, “build back better” programme launched and built 25,000 homes to rehouse those who lived in coastal areas and were at risk of flooding and cyclone shelters were made built on stilts

72
Q

Social impacts of hurricane Sandy in Haiti

A

Social impacts of hurricane Sandy in Haiti are 75 deaths, 200,000 homeless, most shelters left from 2010 EQ in refugee camps and neighbourhoods flooded and food shortage

73
Q

Social impacts of hurricane sandy in USA

A

Social impacts of hurricane sandy in USA are 55 deaths, 4.8 million without power and schools closed for a week or more

74
Q

Economic impacts of hurricane sandy in Haiti

A

Economic impacts of hurricane sandy in Haiti are $750 million in damage and the infrastructure from previous events destroyed again which halted country’s recovery

75
Q

Economic impacts of hurricane sandy in USA

A

Economic impacts of hurricane sandy in USA are damages costing $75 billion, 13,000 flights cancelled, New York City closed down before the event leading to loss of tourism and trade

76
Q

Environmental impacts of hurricane sandy in Haiti

A

Environmental impacts of hurricane sandy in Haiti are resurgence of cholera one month after which infected 5,000 and killed 44 and crops were destroyed and 70% of streets were flooded

77
Q

Environmental impacts of hurricane sandy in USA

A

Environmental impacts of hurricane sandy in USA are tanker spilled 300,000 gallons of diesel in waterway, sewage system damaged leaking into water and 10 metres of beach was lost in some parts of New Jersey and so making it narrower and exposing the coast to further erosion

78
Q

Responses to hurricane sandy in Haiti

A

Responses to hurricane sandy in Haiti was instantly declaring state of emergency and called for international aid, temporary shelters set up, CAFOD sent engineers to build permanent homes, build water treatment centres (to stop cholera spread) and also restore business

79
Q

Responses to hurricane sandy in USA

A

Responses to hurricane sandy in USA was using app to track the storm and find shelter and review weather alerts, banks in the USA giving hurricane sandy loans for those who lost homes and personal professions and also Obama passed $52 billion bill to restore areas

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (6 decks)

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