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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > P1 Section C (Hazards) > Flashcards

P1 Section C (Hazards) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard

A

A hazard is a natural event when it occurs in the presence of a human

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2
Q

What is Automatic Disaster Analysis and Mapping System (ADAM)

A

Automatic Disaster Analysis and Mapping System (ADAM) is a way to see the scale of a disaster by collating data from US Geological Survey, World Bank and World Food Programme

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3
Q

How to predict hazards

A

Can predict hazards by remote sensing and seismic monitoring

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4
Q

Parts of hazard management cycle

A

Hazard management cycle parts include preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation

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5
Q

What is preparedness part of hazard management cycle

A

preparedness part of hazard management cycle includes education and public awareness which gives people knowledge to speed up response process

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6
Q

What is response part of hazard management cycle

A

response part of hazard management cycle is emergency plans put in place to give medical assistance and assessing damage to help plan recovery

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7
Q

What is recovery part of hazard management cycle

A

recovery part of hazard management cycle is restoration to the pre-event level infrastructure and services

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8
Q

What is mitigation part of hazard management cycle

A

mitigation part of hazard management cycle is strategies to lessen effects of another hazard (like warning signals created or long-term coral reeves being developed)

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9
Q

What is fatalism

A

Fatalism is the view that hazards are uncontrollable and losses should be accepted since nothing can be done about them

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10
Q

What are the three major types of geographical hazards

A

three major types of geographical hazards are geophysical, atmospheric and hydrological

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11
Q

Type of geophysical hazard

A

Geophysical hazard is volcano

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12
Q

Type of atmospheric hazard

A

Atmospheric hazard is wildfire as caused by certain weather conditions

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13
Q

Type of hydrological hazards

A

Hydrological hazard is floods

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14
Q

Where is Sichuan

A

Sichuan is in a mountainous region of western China

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15
Q

When was Sichuan Earthquake

A

Sichuan earthquake was in 2008

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16
Q

What magnitude was Sichuan EQ

A

Sichuan EQ was 7.9 magnitude

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17
Q

What was depth of Sichuan EQ

A

Depth of Sichuan was 19km

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18
Q

What caused Sichuan EQ

A

Sichuan EQ caused by destructive plate boundary between two continental crusts

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19
Q

Social impacts of Sichuan EQ

A

Social impacts of Sichuan EQ include 70,000 deaths and 4.6 million homeless and protests due to poor infrastructure and lack of earthquake-proofing particularly in schools

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20
Q

Environmental impacts of Sichuan EQ

A

Environmental impacts of Sichuan EQ include lost panda habitats and quake lakes causing excessive flooding which also altered water flow so some areas were starved of water

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21
Q

Economic impacts of Sichuan EQ

A

Economic impacts of Sichuan EQ include losses of $150 billion and 14,000 industrial companies were damaged ( which make up 45% of its GDP) and grain price increased for 2 years

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22
Q

Residents local response to Sichuan EQ

A

Residents local response to Sichuan EQ was to protest in anger of lack of preparation which was successful as government now set up action plans, survival kits, shelters and EQ proof buildings

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23
Q

National response to Sichuan EQ

A

National response to Sichuan EQ was Chinese leaders promise £5 billion to rebuild the area

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24
Q

International response to Sichuan EQ

A

International response to Sichuan EQ was habitat for humanity worked on housing projects to help 1,000 families and it was completed in 2010 and Germany were biggest monetary aid donator with $31 million

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25
Q

What is liquefaction

A

Liquefaction is when saturated or partially saturated soil is shaken by an earthquake causing water to rise and soil loses strength so buildings sink or tip over

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26
Q

What are the layers of the earth

A

Layers of the earth are crust, mantle, outer core and inner core

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27
Q

What is crust

A

Crust is 5-70km thick rock either oceanic or continental

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28
Q

What is oceanic crust

A

Oceanic crust is an occasionally broken layer of basaltic rock known as sima

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29
Q

What is continental crust

A

Continental crust is bodies mainly made of granitic rock known as sial

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30
Q

What is lithosphere

A

Lithosphere is a zone made up of crust and upper mantle where tectonic plates form

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31
Q

What is asthenosphere

A

Asthenosphere is a softer rock which the solid upper mantle sits on and the asthenosphere can move

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32
Q

What is the mantle

A

The mantle is a 2900km thick layer made of silicate materials and is semi-molten due to convection currents

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33
Q

What is the core

A

The core is the centre of the earth reaching over 6000 degrees Celsius and is made of iron and nickel and is four times the density of the crust

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34
Q

How do tectonic plates move

A

Tectonic plates move by convection currents in asthenosphere which pull and push plates in different directions

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35
Q

What occurs at destructive plate margins

A

At destructive plate margins plates move towards each other

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36
Q

What happens when continental and oceanic plates meet at destructive margin

A

when continental and oceanic plates meet at destructive margin the denser oceanic plate subducts and leaves a deep ocean trench and the plate melts away which increases magma and so increases pressure which forces through weak areas in the continental plates as composite volcanoes

37
Q

What happens when oceanic and oceanic plates meet at destructive margin

A

when oceanic and oceanic plates meet at destructive margin the heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench and built up pressure leads to underwater volcanoes and lava cools and creates island arcs

38
Q

What happens when continental and continental plates meet at destructive margin

A

when continental and continental plates meet at destructive margin the continental crust piles up on top of the lithosphere due to pressure and fold mountains form

39
Q

What occurs at constructive plate margins

A

At constructive plate margins, plates move away from each other

40
Q

What happens when oceanic and oceanic plates separate at constructive margin

A

When oceanic and oceanic plates separate at constructive margin magma rise in the gap left by separation which forms new land which is called sea floor spreading as the floor gets wider and underwater volcanoes form due to rising magma

41
Q

What happens when continental and continental plates separate at constructive margin

A

when continental and continental plates separate at constructive margin, rift valleys form as land in the middle of the separation is forced apart and water will often fill the valley and volcanoes may form as magma rises

42
Q

What is ridge push

A

Ridge push is when magma from mantle pushes out the plates surrounding a ridge on a constructive margin

43
Q

What is slab pull

A

Slab pull is when a plate subducts and the rock sinking into the mantle pulls the rest of the slab with it, causing further subduction

44
Q

What is gravitational sliding

A

Gravitation sliding is the accumulation of slab pull and ridge push

45
Q

What occurs at conservative plate margin

A

At conservative plate margin, parallel plates move in different directions at different speeds and no plates are destroyed so there’s no landforms created

46
Q

What happens when oceanic crusts are at conservative margin

A

when oceanic crusts are at conservative margin pressure builds up and water can be displaced by earthquakes

47
Q

What happens when continental crusts are at conservative margin

A

when continental crusts are at conservative margin, fault lines can occur where the ground is cracked by movement

48
Q

What is the Benioff zone

A

The Benioff zone is the area of a destructive plate margin where melting of the less dense oceanic crust

49
Q

Example of fold mountains at destructive margin

A

Example of fold mountains at destructive margin are the Andes and the Himalayas

50
Q

What is the Mariana Trench and Mariana Islands

A

The Mariana Trench and Islands are an example of subduction where the oceanic plate sinks below the continental crust and then crescents of submarine volcanoes to form islands

51
Q

Example of sea floor spreading

A

Example of sea floor spreading is either side the Mid-Atlantic ridge

52
Q

Example of rift valley

A

Example of rift valley is the Great African Rift Valley

53
Q

What are hotspots

A

Hotspots are areas of volcanic activity unrelated to plate boundaries where hot magma plumes from the mantle rise and burn through weaker parts of the crust to form shield volcanoes and islands

54
Q

How do magma plumes create chain islands

A

magma plumes create chain islands as they remain in the same place whilst the plates move so volcanoes can dot around like in Hawaii

55
Q

All hazards of volcanoes

A

All hazards of volcanoes are lava flows, lahars, glacial floods, tephra, toxic gases and pyroclastic flow

56
Q

What is viscosity

A

Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flowing and silica makes lava viscous and slow which is common in explosive eruptions

57
Q

What are mudflows

A

Mudflows are when ice and snow are melted by magma heat which causes quick discharge of water typically at high altitudes where there is substantial supply of ice and snow and the lahar will flow down a valley slope into a river

58
Q

What is tephra

A

Tephra is all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it.

59
Q

What are toxic gases

A

Toxic gases are gases like sulphur dioxide which can form acid rain in atmosphere

60
Q

What is pyroclastic flow

A

Pyroclastic flow is the clouds of burning hot ash and gas that collapses down a volcano at high speeds typically 60mph but can reach 430mph

61
Q

How is seismic activity measured to predict volcano

A

seismic activity is measured to predict volcanoes by seismometers which detect microquakes indicating magma fracturing and cracking overlying rocks

62
Q

How is ground deformation measured to predict volcano

A

ground deformation is measured to predict volcano by using tilt meters to show inflation of the ground caused by rising magma

63
Q

How is movement of iron-rich magma measured to predict volcano

A

movement of iron-rich magma is measured to predict volcano by magnetometers which show changing magnetism inside a volcano indicating rising magma

64
Q

How is gas content measured to predict volcano

A

gas content is measured to predict volcano by thermal imaging and gas sampling to show increasing emissions like poisonous chlorine

65
Q

How frequent are volcanoes

A

Volcanoes are very frequent, with around 50-60 eruptions every month and volcanoes are classed as active, dormant or extinct

66
Q

What does frequency of volcano indicate

A

frequency of volcano indicates type of eruption: high frequency volcanoes are usually effusive where low frequency volcanoes are explosive

67
Q

How regular are volcanoes

A

Volcanoes are regular in the sense that the same eruptions will occur on each type of boundary, like a volcanoes on a destructive margin will regularly be explosive

68
Q

How predictable are volcanoes

A

Volcanoes are fairly predictable by following timelines of eruptions, looking at seismic activity, ground deformation, gas samples and movement of magma

69
Q

Location of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Location of Eyjafjallajokull is a subglacial volcano in Southern Iceland caused by separating European and North American plates

70
Q

When did Eyjafjallajokull erupt

A

Eyjafjallajokull erupted 2010

71
Q

Primary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Primary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull were meltwater washed away a perimeter road and released 150,000 tonnes of CO2 every day

72
Q

Secondary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Secondary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull were closed airspace for over a week losing airlines $1.7 billion in revenue, disrupted travel for 10 million people and Kenyan farmers were laid off as their fresh produce couldn’t travel to Europe by cargo or freight and also there was around 2 million tonnes of C02 saved due to cancelled air travel

73
Q

How was Iceland prepared for the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

A

Iceland was prepared for the Eyjafjallajökull eruption as a team used GPS and satellite radar interferometry to find one flank was swollen 11 weeks prior implying magma had been rising

74
Q

How did Iceland respond to Eyjafjallajokull

A

Iceland respond to Eyjafjallajokull by closing airspace and Icelandic Red Cross evacuated people and sheltered 200

75
Q

Location of Montserrat volcano

A

Montserrat volcano is an island within the northern part of the lesser Antilles where the Caribbean plate subducts beneath the South American plate

76
Q

When did Montserrat’s stratovolcano erupt

A

Montserrat’s stratovolcano erupted 1997

77
Q

Death toll of Montserrat 1997

A

Death toll of Montserrat 1997 was 19 people

78
Q

Primary impacts of Montserrat 1997

A

Primary impacts of Monsterrat 1997 was 5 million cubic metres of hot rock and ash and 3/4 of infrastructure destroyed and the airport was destroyed

79
Q

Secondary impacts of Montserrat 1997

A

Secondary impacts of Montserrat 1997 are 11,000 evacuated to Antigua, UK and USA

80
Q

How was Montserrat prepared for the 1997 eruption

A

Montserrat was prepared for the 1997 eruption as the Montserrat Volcano Observatory was set up in 1995 and predicted the eruption

81
Q

Short-term responses to Montserrat 1997

A

Short-term responses to Montserrat 1997 were exclusion zones in 2/3rds of the island, troops from USA and British Navy aided in evacuation and £17 million in UK aid paid for temporary buildings and water purification

82
Q

Long-term responses to Montserrat 1997

A

Long-term responses to Montserrat 1997 were 3 year redevelopment programme for houses, agriculture and medical services funded by UK, people of Montserrat were granted full residency rights in UK in 1998 and UK financial aid has exceeded £420 million since 1995

83
Q

How has Montserrat 1997 changed demographic of island

A

Montserrat 1997 changed demographic of island as many young people seen no future on the island and migrated, resulting in a dependent population (many old people)

84
Q

Location of Mount Etna

A

Location of Mount Etna is on the Italian island of Sicily and resulted from the collision between the African and Eurasian plate

85
Q

How does Mount Etna support Sicily

A

Mount Etna supports Sicily as 25% population lives on the volcano’s slopes and its fertile volcanic soil supports agriculture like vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes

86
Q

What type of volcano is Mount Etna

A

Mount Etna is a stratovolcano, a decade volcano and has Strombolian type eruptions with short lava flows near the summit

87
Q

Impacts of Mount Etna

A

Impacts of Mount Etna are estimated 77 deaths, increased cardiovascular morbidity especially among the elderly, 3 million tourists in 2010, and eruptions in 2018 cost $115 million

88
Q

Responses to Mount Etna

A

Responses to Mount Etna are in 2002 there was tax breaks for villagers due to damages to agriculture, in 2001 and 2014 Catania airport was closed, in 1992 US Army helicopters dropped concrete blocks into lava tubes and in 2013 the Italian government gave £5.6 million worth of aid

89
Q

Mitigation strategies for mount Etna

A

Mitigation strategies for mount Etna include artificial lava channelling to direct lava flow safely, in 1990s earth barriers were constructed to divert lava and there is constant monitoring by etna observatory

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (6 decks)

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