P1 Section A (Water Cycle) Flashcards
What are the forms of carbon on Earth
The forms of carbon on Earth include hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate (limestone), methane and biomolecules.
What is an inorganic form of carbon
An inorganic form of carbon are fossil fuels.
What is an organic form of carbon
An organic form of carbon is biomass.
What are the origins of carbon on Earth
The origins of carbon on Earth include the Earth’s mantle, plate boundaries, sedimentary rocks, atmosphere and stores such as biomass and the oceans
What are the 4 major stores of carbon on Earth
The 4 major stores of carbon are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere.
How is carbon stored in the hydrosphere (living, dissolved)
Carbon is stored in the hydrosphere by plants, living organic matter, and dissolved CO2 in oceans.
What are examples of global water stores
examples of global water stores are oceans, lakes, aquifers and the cryosphere
What are local stores of water
local stores of water are soil moisture, groundwater storage and vegetation storage (like interception) and puddles
What are water flows
Water flows are how water moves from store to store, for example, infiltration, percolation and throughflow
What are water processes
Water processes are how flows are powered by precipitation, evaporation and condensation
How much of the earths water is in oceans and seas
96.5% of the earths water is in oceans and seas
How much of the earths water is freshwater
2.5% earths water is freshwater
How much of earths surface water is in ground ice and permafrost (cryosphere)
69% of the earths surface water is in ground ice and permafrost (cryosphere)
What type of system is the global hydrological system
the global hydrological system is a closed system
What type of system is a drainage basin
a drainage basin is an open system
What are outputs of a drainage system
outputs of a drainage system are channel flow, evaporation and transpiration
What are inputs of a drainage basin
inputs of a drainage basin are precipitation
What are examples of flows of a drainage basin
Examples of flows of a drainage basin are infiltration, direct runoff and throughflow
How does relief impact the drainage basin cycle (slopes)
Relief impacts the drainage basin cycle as steeper slopes increases surface runoff and reduce time for water storage
How does soil type impact drainage basin cycle (impermeable, saturation, runoff, permeable, infiltration, groundwater)
Soil type impacts drainage basin cycle as impermeable soils can stop infiltration and lead to surface saturation which leads to increased runoff but in permeable soil type, infiltration can occur causing groundwater to recharge
How does reservoirs impact the drainage basin cycle (delay, evaporation, vegetation, salinity)
Reservoirs impact the drainage basin cycle as they delay water flow, increase water loss by evaporation, they reduce water flow downstream and so vegetation can’t grow and also vegetation growth on reservoirs will increase evapotranspiration and in turn increases water salinity
What is and how does over abstraction impact drainage basin cycle (removal, dry)
Overabstration is removal of water from underground store which impacts the drainage basin cycle as rivers may dry up during periods of low rainfall.
How does deforestation impact drainage basin cycle
deforestation impacts drainage basin cycle as interception decreases and rainfall strikes surface directly which causes soil compaction which isn’t porous
What do hydrographs show (changes,concordance)
Hydrographs show how river discharge changes over time in concordance with rainfall levels
What impact does increased runoff have on hydrograph
Increased runoff will reduce lag time and increase discharge making a steep hydrograph as water gets into the channels quicker
What is river discharge
River discharge is the volume of water flowing in a river each second and is measured in cumecs (m3/s).
What is peak discharge (maximum)
Peak discharge is the maximum discharge in the period of time.
What is peak rainfall
Peak rainfall: maximum rainfall in the period of time
What is lag time
Lag time is the interval between peak rainfall and discharge.
What is a rising limb
a Rising limb is when the discharge is rising.
What is falling limb
Falling limb: when the discharge is falling.
What affect does permeable rock type and soil have on a hydrograph
Permeable rock (like limestone) and soil will cause precipitation to infiltrate percolate which will lengthen the lag time and reduce peak discharge
What affect does impermeable rock type and soil have on a hydrograph
impermeable rock type (like clay) and soils causes infiltration to decrease so surface runoff increases and lag time is reduced and peak discharge increases
What affect does steep river basin catchment have on hydrograph
Steep river basin catchment will increase peak discharge and reduce lag time as water moves more quickly
What affect does high levels of vegetation have on a hydrograph
High levels of vegetation will see high interception and evapotranspiration but also tree roots will promote infiltration and so peak discharge will reduce
What affect will large catchment area of river basin have on hydrograph
A large catchment area of river basin will increase peak discharge but shorten lag time.
What affect does circular catchment area of river basin have on hydrograph
Circular catchment area of river basin will shorten lag time, steepen rising limb and increase peak discharge - creating a flashy graph
What affect does dense drainage network have on hydrograph
Dense drainage network will be able to transport more water - increasing peak discharge
What affect does urbanisation have on hydrograph
Urbanisation reduces lag time and increase peak discharge as runoff increases by impermeable surfaces