P1:Memory

Question 1

What are the three stages of memory?

Answer 1

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 2

Explain the Clive Wearing case study:

Answer 2

30 Second Memory
No recollection of any event in his life.
Memory for faces, other than his own and his wives is minimal.
Episodic memory has been damaged too far however he can still walk, talk, read, play the piano ect.
His long term memory for skills and understanding of the world is intact.

Question 3

Who made the Multi-store model of memory?

Answer 3

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 4

What is the process of Atkin and Shiffrin’s Multi-store model of memory?

Answer 4

Sensory memory- attention - Short term memory - rehearsal - Long term Memory

Question 5

What are the sensory memory stores?

Answer 5

Iconic- Sight/visual
Echoic- Hearing/auditory
Haptic- Touch
Gustatory- Taste
Olfactory - Smell

Question 6

How is the short term memory encoded and how did Baddeley research this?

Answer 6

Baddeley (1966)
Presented lists of 10 words, one at a time.
Some lists were acoustically similar, some were semantically.
The task was to rearrange the list into the correct order.
Information is encoded ino this store acoustically.

Question 7

What is the capacity of the Short term memory and how did Jacobs research this?

Answer 7

Jacobs (1887)
The researcher gives 4 digits and the participant must recall these in the correct order out loud.
If this is correct they will add on a digit until the ppt cannot recall the order correctly.
Mean span for digits across all ppts was 9.3 items and for letters was 7.3.
About 7 items

Question 8

What is the capacity of the Short term memory?

Answer 8

Chunking- Miller (1956)
Found that 5 to 9 ‘chunks’ can be held in the STM at any one time.
Chunk- a basic unit of information.

Question 9

What is the duration of the Short term memory and how was this studied by Peterson and Peterson?

Answer 9

Peterson and Peterson (1959)
24 Psychology students read nonsense trigrams to P’s then asked them to count backwards in 3’s (to prevent rehearsal)
Recall was tested after retention intervals of 3,6,9,23,15 and 18 seconds.
Correct recall fades after 3 seconds.

Question 10

Weaknesses of Peterson and Peterson (1959)

Answer 10

It was an artificial situation,

P’s may have been tired/confused after many trials.

Question 11

How is the long term memory encoded and how was this researched by Baddeley?

Answer 11

Baddeley (1966)
Presented 10 lists of short words, some lists were semantically similar.
Tested immediately and then after a 20 min delay.
Found that after 20 mins they did poorly on the semantically similar words.
Information is encoded into this store semantically.

Question 12

What is the duration of the long term memory and how was it researched by Bahrick?

Answer 12

Bahrick (1975)
400 P's aged between 17 and 74 were shown a set of photos and names of ex-school friends (or not).
Last 15 years= 90% recall
48 years ago= 80% recall
Potentially infinite

Question 13

Weaknesses of Bahrick (1975)

Answer 13

Memory for faces is a unique type of memory.

There was lots of repetition when the memory was formed.

Question 14

What are the features of the Sensory Memory?

Answer 14

Capacity: Very high
Duration: Very brief- less than half a second.
Encoding: Visually, acoustically, touching, tasting, smelling ect

Question 15

Short Term Memory

Answer 15

Capacity: Limited capacity
Duration: Temporary store unless rehearsed
18-30 seconds
Encoding: Mainly acoustically

Question 16

What are the features of the Long Term Memory?

Answer 16

Capacity: Theoretically unlimited, main restraint being on accessibility rather than availability
Duration: Potentially permanent if rehearsed
Encoding: Mostly semantically

Question 17

Weaknesses of Multi Store Model of Memory

Answer 17

Rehearsal doesn’t always lead to LTM storage.
Primary and recentcy effects show STM and LTM are separate.
Some people who have brain damage (KF) and can’t do STM taks but LTM is fine.
Some info goes into LTM without rehearsal.
Describes LTM as a single, unitary store.

Question 18

Types of Long Term Memory

Answer 18

Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Procedural Memory

Question 19

What memory store is this?
Refers to our ability to recall events from our lives, similarly to a diary.
Time stamped and including several elements such as people, places, objects ect.
You have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.

Answer 19

Episodic Memory

Question 20

Which memory store is this?
Contains our shared knowledge of the world.
Similar to a combination of an encyclopedia and dictionary.

Answer 20

Semantic Memory

Question 21

What type of memory is this?
Our memory for actions or skills, how we do things.
We can recall these memories without conscious awareness or much effort (eventually)
These are skills which are difficult to explain to someone

Answer 21

Procedural memory

Question 22

When and who created the Working Memory Model?

Answer 22

1974- Baddeley and Hitch

Question 23

What are the four components of the Working Memory Model?

Answer 23

The Central Executive
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
The Phonological Loop
The Episodic Buffer- Later addition

Question 24

What is the Central Executive?

Answer 24

‘The Boss’
Limited capacity
Filter for attention
Direct information to slave systems and collects responses
Attains balance between taks when attention is divided
Permits switching attention between inputs

Question 25

What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?

Answer 25

'Inner Eye'
Visual cache- form and colour
Inner scribe- spatial relationships
Holds mental pictures
Visual and spatial items

Question 26

What is the Phonological Loop?

Answer 26

‘Inner Ear’
Limited capacity- 2 seconds
Holds auditory information

Question 27

What is the Episodic Buffer?

Answer 27

Later addition to the original model
General store
Integrates the other functions with a sense of time so that things occur in a continuing sequence
Temporarily holds information combined from other stores

Question 28

Support for the Working Memory Model:

Answer 28

FMRI Scans
Prefrontal cortex is activated when verbal and spatial taks are performed stimultaneously but not when done separatley- D’Esposito (1995)
Word Length Effect
Short words are remembered much better unless there is suppression of the phonological loop- Baddeley (1975)

Question 29

What does the Working Memory Model look like?

Answer 29

:: Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
I
Input— Sensory Memory— Central Executive – Long Term Memory
I I
Decay Phonological Loop

Question 30

Evidence for the Working Memory Model- Baddeley (1973)

Answer 30

Gave participants a visual tracking task- to track a moving line with a pointer.
They also had to:
1. Describe the angle of the letter F or 2. Perform a verbal task
They found it harder in the first condition which could be due to the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad being able to process information at the same time.
Limited capacity in each slave system, therefore completing two visual taks would have overloaded the visual-spatial sketchpad.

Question 31

Strengths of the WMM

Answer 31

Alternative to MSM
Dual task research
Evidence for separate components
Influential and scientific

Question 32

Weakness of the WMM

Answer 32

What does the CE do?
Unfalsifiable
Research is lab based

Question 33

What are the features of the cognitive interview?

Answer 33

1. Report everything
2. Reinstate the context
3. Reverse the order
4. Change perspective

Question 34

What is the Cognitive Interview?

Answer 34

A method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories. It uses four main techniques; report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order, change perspective.

Question 35

Support for the Cognitive Interview

Answer 35

Effective technique in helping eyewitnesses recall information stored in their memory.
Kohnken’s meta-analysis: Combined data comparing the CI with standard police interviews. Gave an average of 41% increase in accurate information. Only 4 out of 55 studies showed no difference.

Question 36

Limitations of the Cognitive Interview

Answer 36

Not all of its elements are equally effective.
Each of the four methods produced more information than the standard interview.
Time consuming and takes more training
Not a realistic method for police officers
Police forces have taken a ‘pick and mix’ approach