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Physics > P1: Matter > Flashcards

P1: Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Dalton come up with his Model?

A

1870s

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2
Q

What was Daltons theory?

A

That the atom was a small indestructible sphere and all the atoms in an element are the same

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3
Q

When did Thomson present his model?

A

1897

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4
Q

What was Thomsons theory?

A

His measurements of change and mass showed that an atom must contain smaller negatively charged particles. He concluded the ‘plum pudding model’ where electrons were spread through a positive ‘pudding’

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5
Q

When did rutherford present his model?

A

1899

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6
Q

What was Rutherfords theory?

A

Scientists shot tiny particles at gold. They thought the particles would pass through easily but some bounced back. Showed atoms have a small sold nucleus

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7
Q

When did Bohr present his model?

A

1913

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8
Q

What was Bohrs theory?

A

Produced the final model of the atom. Proposed that electrons only exist in fixed orbits around the nucleus. His theory is the closest to the current atomic model

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9
Q

How many sbatomic particles do atoms have?

A

3

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the atom

A

An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus, surrounded by orbiting negatively-charged electrons

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11
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

A

1, +1

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12
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

A

1, 0 (neutral charge)

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13
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a electron?

A

0.0005, -1

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14
Q

What is the typical size of an atom diameter?

A

1 x 10^-10 metres

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15
Q

What is the typical size of a radius of a nucleus?

A

1 x 10^-15 metres

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16
Q

What is the typical atom mass?

A

1 x 10^-23 grams

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17
Q

Where is most of the atom mass?

A

Most of the atom mass is concentrated at the nucleus

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18
Q

Define Density

A

Density tell you how much mss there is in a certain volume

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19
Q

Density isn’t a property of an object - what is it then?

A

Density is a property of a material. The mass of each block depends on its volume

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20
Q

Density formula

A

Density(kg/m3) = mass (kg) / volume (m3)

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21
Q

How do different states affect the density of substances?

A

The density of a substance deends on how closely its particles are packed. In a solid, particles are tightly packed, which means they have a high density. Liquids and gases do not have as many packed particles, making it less dense than solids

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22
Q

When does a solid object float on a liquid?

A

A solid object will float on a fluid if it has a lower average density than the fluid.

23
Q

What is temperature?

A

Temperature tells you how hot something is. You can measure temperature with a thermometer

24
Q

How many Kelvins are there in 0 degrees celsius?

A

273 K

25
Q

How many celsiuses are there when there are 0 Kelvins?

A

-273 degrees C

26
Q

How does heating affect particle movement?

A

When you heat up water, the water particles move faster or vibrate more.

27
Q

What is the energy in a thermal store?

A

The energy in a thermal store is the total internal energy of a system due to the kinetic energy of its particles

28
Q

What is the measurement of energy in a thermal store?

A

Joules (J)

29
Q

What does temperature tell you about in relationship with internal energy?

A

Tells you about the average kinetic energy of the particles.

30
Q

What 3 things can heating do?

A
  • change energy store in a system to increase temp
  • produce change of state
  • make chemical reactions happen
31
Q

What are physical changes?

A

A physical change is when you don’t make new substances and is easy to reverse. Example: changes of state

32
Q

What are chemical changes?

A

Chemical changes are when atoms are joined together in different ways, this cannot easily be reversed. Example: burning wood

33
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass by 1 degrees celsius

34
Q

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of an object depends on:

A
  • type of material
  • mass of material
  • temperature rise
35
Q

What does heating essentially do?

A

Increases the internal energy of the material even though the temperature may not be increasing

36
Q

Specific heat capacity formula

A

Change in thermal energy (J) = mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (J/kg degrees celsius) x change in temp (degrees celsius)

37
Q

What does specific heat capacity tell someone about resistance?

A

Specific heat capacity tells you how resistant a material is to change in temperature. Saucepands are made of materials with low specific capacities because they need to heat up quickly

38
Q

What is the process of solid to liquid?

A

Melting

39
Q

What is the process of liqid to solid?

A

Freezing

40
Q

What is the process of solid to gas?

A

Subliming

41
Q

What is the process of gas to solid?

A

Depositing

42
Q

What is the process of gas to liquid?

A

Condensing

43
Q

What is the process of liquid to gas?

A

Boiling

44
Q

Define specific latent heat of melting

A

The energy transferred when 1kg of a substance changes from the solid state to the liquid state

45
Q

Define specific heat of vaporisation

A

The enrrgy transferred when 1kg of substace changes from liquid to gas

46
Q

Specific latent heat formula

A

Thermal energy for a change in state (J) = mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/Kg)

47
Q

What is the difference between latent heat and specific heat capacity?

A

Latent heat is about the change of state, and heat of capacity is about change of temperature

48
Q

When you blow up a balloon…

A

When you blow up a balloon, it gets bigger. You are increasing the number of air in the balloon. If you add more air particles to a container that cannot expand, the pressure increases.

49
Q

How does temperature affect gas pressure?

A

If the temperature of a gas increases, the gas particles have a higher average speed and collide more frequently

50
Q

What is the pressre of gas measured in?

A

pascals (Pa)

51
Q

At what temperature is absolute zero?

A

0 pascalls, 0 K, -273.14 degrees celsius

52
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The lowest temperature possible, particle motion from heat will be most minimal

53
Q

How can you measre the pressure of gas?

A

Using a manometer

Physics (7 decks)

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