P1: identity Flashcards
ethnicity and identity: Gilroy
looked at young black people an their shared experiences of racism and powerlessness, he said this means they can create their own identity. “Black Atlantics”.
Spencer:
found many ethnic minorities are white, with ethnic origins. he found evidence that showed they had similar issues of resentment and racism so they sent little time socialising with British people because ‘ the don’t let others in their circle’
Cashmere and Troyna:
argue ethnic minorities ‘turn inwards’ to support each other as a way or protection therefore their identity, culture and religion are strengthened.
Jacobson:
young muslim form a strong identity as a response to the exclusion they feel from the rest of society. they tend to form a completely different identity to others in the UK society, which then leads to then removing themselves further away from the ethnic minority group.
Hewitt:
Multiculturalism. when policies have been put in place to achieve equality but white wc see this as unfair to the whit community, and puts them under pressure economically. ethnic minorities are favoured and get special treatment.
criticism- Postmodernists:
say due to globalisation and media, people are creating their own identities. hybrid identities start with people choosing their own identities and shaping it themselves.
Nationality and identity: Anderson
argues that a ‘nation’ is an imagined community. identity of a country is expressed yhotugh supporting a nations team ins sprout, pride in flag and anthem.
Sadar: Changing identities
believe the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis. Britain is loosing its empire and feeling small in the global world.
response to globalisation: Hall
agreed coutnires will display different reactions to globalisation: cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resistance
what is cultural homogeneous?
may accept global culture and become similar to other coutnries
what is cultural homogeneous
may accept global culture and become similar to other coutnries
what is cultural hybridity?
merging together of tow or more aspects from different cultures e.g fashion, music
what is cultural hybridity?
take in some parts of global culture alongside their tradition
what is cultural resistance?
may resist global culture, fiercely protect their culture heritage as they are becoming more traditional and nationalistic.
Gender and identity: Wilson
the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous. “spreading the seed”. women need to nutrue a child and stay faithful to the father of their child.
Parsons: gender and identity
female have an “expressive” role in the family. this is based on their ability to carry and give birth to children. Men have an “instrumental role in the family. the breadwinner and protector.
feminists:gender and identity
say gender identity is socially constructed and done by patriarchal society. links to Mulvey and male gaze.
Mac and Ghaill: gender
explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school. he found that power was the main source of identity for the macho lads. the 3F’s: Fighting, Football and fucking
Jackson+ Laddettes
found that some girls “ladettes” also spent time drinking, smoking, swearing and dirupting lessons for a fear of being unpopular or uncool.
Jackson+ Laddettes
found that some girls “ladettes” also spent time drinking, smoking, swearing and dirupting lessons for a fear of being unpopular or uncool.
Mac and Ghaill: crisis of masculinity
insecurities felt by wc men today. there is a loss in breadwinner identity, with a decline in tradition male industries. this showed that men had no longer felt they had the power.
Canaan: changing masculine identity
researched WC men in Wolverhampton. asked them what is the most important thing about being a man. gave predictable responses: fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.
sexuality and identity: Mclntosh
says homosexual male involves certain expectations or characteristics, feminism mannerisms: high voice, attention to appearance. she argued once a male has accepted the label he will start to fulfil the label.
Rich
argue women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society. for example through things like marriage, rape and sexual objectification. women are socialised into a heterosexual role and it is forced upon them. also argues that a strong lesbian identity causes a threat to male dominance.
criticism of sexuality and identity
homosexual idenities are becoming more popular and accepted within the wider community. it is no longer seen as a illness to be homosexual and there have been laws that have passed that have accepted things like same sex marriages+ civil partnerships, as well as it is against the law to discriminate against someones sexual orientation
Age and identity: Childhood
period of innocence and dependency.
-some children will be working, or fighting in the army at a young age.
-aswell as marriages may be considered for those of the age of 12 or 13 for girls in some cultures.
Youth:
youth is socially constucted, transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. seen as a time for rebellion and resistance. some cultures don’t have this period of childhood (Hamar Tribe). also a time to gain independence
Young adulthood/ middle age:
usually seen as a negative time as it is moving away from the youth stage and is known for a “mid-life crisis” . youth is lost and old age becomes closer.
Young adulthood/ middle age:
old age:
retirement age. in uk culture youth is admired but being old represent deterioration.
some members of this community fear of being a burden as this is a time of ill health and dependency.
social class and identity: underclass
the very bottom of society. the rely of welfare dependency from the government. they have created a culture where they don’t take responsibility for their actions and rely on others to support them. creates this “feckless behaviour”
Working class:
form the majority of society, usually hard working, straight talking and “salt-of-the-earth”
what does Hutton say about the WC identity?
the decline in trade union memberships/ jobs.
what does Skeggs say about the WC identity?
WC women felt humiliated by the ways other judges and dimissed them due to their WC background. as a result of this they made ore of an effort to prove them wrong, by changing their dress, leisure, home decorations. as they wanted to be seen as more respectable.
Upper class:
those with inherited wealth.
what do Mackintosh and Mooney say about they Upper class
they key feature of this group is their invisibility. “social closure”. their daily lives are separated from the rest of society.
However there has been a decline in the “super-rich” identity.
Middle Class:
those with managerial job roles. tend to be university educated and own their own homes.
what does Fox say about Middle class identity?
talks about the “upper-middle, middle-middle and lower-middle” to show the differences in the middle class. he also says there’s a big difference between public and private sector jobs.
Disability and identity: what is the social model
focuses on social and physical barrier to the exclusions of those with disabilities. includes: design or buildings in public spaces that deny those with mobility problems access. says disability is socially constructed. Shakespeare argues that disabled people are socialised to see themselves as inferior.
what is the medical model:
sees disability as a medical issue and focuses on the imitation caused by the impairment. leads to “victim blaming mentality” where the problem lies with he disabled indivula rather than in society.
Rich
argue women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in a patriarchal society. for example through things like marriage, rape and sexual objectification. women are socialised into a heterosexual role and it is forced upon them. also argues that a strong lesbian identity causes a threat to male dominance.
what does Shakespeare say about disability?
dibbled people are socialised into seeing themselves as the victim, and there has been creation in the victim mentality.
criticism of sexuality and identity
homosexual idenities are becoming more popular and accepted within the wider community. it is no longer seen as a illness to be homosexual and there have been laws that have passed that have accepted things like same sex marriages+ civil partnerships, as well as it is against the law to discriminate against someones sexual orientation
Mac and Ghaill: crisis of masculinity
insecurities felt by wc men today. there is a loss in breadwinner identity, with a decline in tradition male industries. this showed that men had no longer felt they had the power.
Canaan: changing masculine identity
researched WC men in Wolverhampton. asked them what is the most important thing about being a man. gave predictable responses: fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.
what is cultural hybridity?
take in some parts of global culture alongside their tradition
sexuality and identity: Mclntosh
says homosexual male involves certain expectations or characteristics, feminism mannerisms: high voice, attention to appearance. she argued once a male has accepted the label he will start to fulfil the label.
