p1 - case studies Flashcards
Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology
Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology,”Anthropologist: Franz Boas; Place: United States; Community or Tribe: Various Native American tribes (e.g., Kwakiutl, Sioux); Book: Boas, F. (1911). Handbook of American Indian Languages; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Boas emphasized cultural relativism and the importance of fieldwork in anthropology, shaping the discipline’s scope and development.”
Relationships with Other Disciplines
Relationships with Other Disciplines,”Anthropologist: Clifford Geertz; Place: Indonesia (Java); Community or Tribe: Javanese society; Book: Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Geertz explored the intersection of anthropology with sociology, psychology, and literary theory, illustrating how anthropology can enrich interdisciplinary understanding.”
Main Branches of Anthropology
Main Branches of Anthropology,”Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Place: Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea); Community or Tribe: Trobriand Islanders; Book: Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Malinowski’s ethnographic research established the foundations of cultural anthropology, focusing on participant observation and functionalism.”
Human Evolution and Emergence of Man
Human Evolution and Emergence of Man,”Anthropologist: Louis Leakey; Place: Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania); Community or Tribe: Early hominins; Book: Leakey, L.S.B. (1965). Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Leakey’s discoveries of fossil hominins provided crucial evidence for understanding human evolution and the emergence of early humans.”
Characteristics of Primates
Characteristics of Primates,”Anthropologist: Jane Goodall; Place: Gombe Stream National Park (Tanzania); Community or Tribe: Chimpanzees; Book: Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Goodall’s long-term study of chimpanzees revealed their complex social behaviors and similarities to humans, contributing to primatology and understanding primate characteristics.”
Phylogenetic Status of Hominids
Phylogenetic Status of Hominids,”Anthropologist: Mary Leakey; Place: Laetoli (Tanzania); Community or Tribe: Early hominids; Book: Leakey, M. (1981). Disclosing the Past: An Autobiography; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Leakey’s discovery of fossilized footprints at Laetoli provided evidence of bipedalism in early hominids, advancing our understanding of hominid phylogeny.”
The Biological Basis of Life
The Biological Basis of Life,”Anthropologist: Alfred Russel Wallace; Place: Southeast Asia, South America; Community or Tribe: Indigenous peoples; Book: Wallace, A.R. (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Wallace’s work in biogeography and evolution, including his co-discovery of natural selection, laid foundational principles for understanding the biological basis of life.”
Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology
Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology,”Anthropologist: Sir Mortimer Wheeler; Place: Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan); Community or Tribe: Indus Valley Civilization; Book: Wheeler, M. (1954). Archaeology from the Earth; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Wheeler’s excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro revealed urban planning, sanitation systems, and cultural artifacts, shaping principles of prehistoric archaeology.”
The Nature of Culture
The Nature of Culture,”Anthropologist: Edward Tylor; Place: Global studies; Community or Tribe: Various cultures worldwide; Book: Tylor, E.B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Tylor’s concept of culture as a complex whole encompassing beliefs, practices, and artifacts laid the foundation for understanding the nature of culture in anthropology.”
The Nature of Society
The Nature of Society,”Anthropologist: Émile Durkheim; Place: France; Community or Tribe: European societies; Book: Durkheim, E. (1893). The Division of Labor in Society; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Durkheim’s study of social integration and the division of labor highlighted the interdependence of individuals within society, contributing to sociological and anthropological understandings of social structures.”
Marriage
Marriage,”Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Place: Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea); Community or Tribe: Trobriand Islanders; Book: Malinowski, B. (1927). Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Malinowski studied the institution of marriage among the Trobriand Islanders, emphasizing its functional role in regulating kinship, economic exchange, and social stability.”
Family
Family,”Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Place: Samoa; Community or Tribe: Samoan society; Book: Mead, M. (1928). Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Mead’s research highlighted cultural variations in family structure and dynamics, challenging Western notions of universal family norms.”
Kinship
Kinship,”Anthropologist: Lewis Henry Morgan; Place: Iroquois (North America); Community or Tribe: Iroquois Confederacy; Book: Morgan, L.H. (1871). Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Morgan’s classification of kinship systems (e.g., Eskimo, Iroquois) laid foundational theories for understanding kinship structures and social organization.”
Economic Organization
Economic Organization,”Anthropologist: Karl Polanyi; Place: Various societies; Community or Tribe: Global analysis; Book: Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Polanyi’s study of economic systems emphasized the embeddedness of economic activities in social relations and cultural contexts, influencing anthropological perspectives on economic organization.”
Political Organization and Social Control
Political Organization and Social Control,”Anthropologist: E.E. Evans-Pritchard; Place: Nuer (Sudan); Community or Tribe: Nuer people; Book: Evans-Pritchard, E.E. (1940). The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Evans-Pritchard’s analysis of Nuer political organization and social control demonstrated how kinship and ritual practices shape authority and governance systems.”
Religion
Religion,”Anthropologist: Émile Durkheim; Place: Global studies; Community or Tribe: Various societies; Book: Durkheim, E. (1912). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Durkheim’s study of religion focused on its social functions in reinforcing collective beliefs and norms, illustrating its role in social cohesion and identity formation.”
Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer)
Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer),”Anthropologist: Edward Burnett Tylor; Place: Global studies; Community or Tribe: Various cultures; Book: Tylor, E.B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Tylor’s evolutionary approach posited that cultures evolve from simple to complex forms, laying foundations for understanding cultural development and human progress.”
Historical Particularism (Boas)
Historical Particularism (Boas),”Anthropologist: Franz Boas; Place: North America (United States); Community or Tribe: Various Native American tribes; Book: Boas, F. (1911). Handbook of American Indian Languages; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Boas rejected universal theories of cultural evolution, advocating for the study of cultures in their historical and environmental contexts, shaping historical particularism in anthropology.”
Diffusionism (British, German, and American)
Diffusionism (British, German, and American),”Anthropologist: Grafton Elliot Smith; Place: Global studies; Community or Tribe: Various cultures; Book: Smith, G.E. (1915). The Ancient Egyptians and Their Influence Upon the Civilization of Europe; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Smith’s diffusionist approach examined cultural similarities as products of cultural diffusion and migration, influencing early anthropological theories of cultural transmission.”
Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)
Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown),”Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; A.R. Radcliffe-Brown; Place: Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea); Various societies; Community or Tribe: Trobriand Islanders; Global analysis; Book: Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific; Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. (1952). Structure and Function in Primitive Society; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Malinowski’s functionalism focused on how cultural practices fulfill specific social needs, while Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functionalism emphasized social structures and their functional interrelations in maintaining social order.”
Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach)
Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach),”Anthropologist: Claude Lévi-Strauss; Place: Brazil (Amazon); Community or Tribe: Various indigenous tribes; Book: Lévi-Strauss, C. (1955). Tristes Tropiques; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Lévi-Strauss applied structural analysis to kinship systems and myths, demonstrating how underlying structures govern cultural expressions.”
Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois)
Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois),”Anthropologist: Ruth Benedict; Place: United States, Japan; Community or Tribe: Various cultures (e.g., Pueblo, Japanese); Book: Benedict, R. (1946). The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture; Key Finding Relevant to Topic: Benedict explored how culture shapes personality and behavior, contrasting cultural patterns between Western and non-Western societies.”
