p1 - ant names Flashcards
Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology
Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology,”Anthropologist: Franz Boas; Emphasized cultural relativism and historical particularism, laying the foundation for modern anthropology. Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Pioneered functionalism and participant observation, revolutionizing ethnographic fieldwork methods. Anthropologist: Claude Lévi-Strauss; Introduced structuralism, focusing on universal structures underlying cultural phenomena.”
Relationships with Other Disciplines
Relationships with Other Disciplines,”Anthropologist: Marcel Mauss; Studied reciprocity and exchange in different societies, connecting anthropology with sociology and economics. Anthropologist: Victor Turner; Applied symbolic anthropology to rituals and rites of passage, bridging anthropology with psychology and semiotics. Anthropologist: Pierre Bourdieu; Examined cultural capital and habitus, linking anthropology with sociology and cultural studies.”
Main Branches of Anthropology
Main Branches of Anthropology,”Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Conducted cross-cultural studies on gender roles, contributing to cultural anthropology. Anthropologist: Lewis Henry Morgan; Studied kinship systems and proposed stages of societal evolution, foundational in cultural anthropology. Anthropologist: Alfred Kroeber; Developed culture area theory and studied historical linguistics, shaping approaches to cultural diversity in anthropology.”
Human Evolution and Emergence of Man
Human Evolution and Emergence of Man,”Anthropologist: Louis Leakey; Discovered significant fossil evidence in Africa, advancing understanding of human evolution. Anthropologist: Mary Leakey; Contributed to paleoanthropology with discoveries in East Africa, particularly in Olduvai Gorge. Anthropologist: Richard Leakey; Continued family legacy in paleoanthropology and conservation efforts in Africa, expanding knowledge of human ancestors.”
Characteristics of Primates
Characteristics of Primates,”Anthropologist: Jane Goodall; Studied chimpanzees in their natural habitat, revealing complex social behaviors and tool use. Anthropologist: Dian Fossey; Researched mountain gorillas, highlighting their social structures and conservation challenges. Anthropologist: Biruté Galdikas; Observed orangutans in Borneo, contributing to understanding primate behavior and habitat conservation.”
Phylogenetic Status of Hominids
Phylogenetic Status of Hominids,”Anthropologist: Donald Johanson; Discovered the fossil hominid ““Lucy”” in Ethiopia, providing insights into early human ancestors. Anthropologist: Tim White; Excavated significant hominid fossils in East Africa, contributing to the understanding of human evolution. Anthropologist: Svante Pääbo; Pioneered the study of ancient DNA, revolutionizing our understanding of hominid genetics and evolution.”
The Biological Basis of Life
The Biological Basis of Life,”Anthropologist: Ernst Haeckel; Coined the term ““ecology”” and contributed to evolutionary biology and the study of life forms. Anthropologist: James Watson and Francis Crick; Discovered the double helix structure of DNA, revolutionizing genetics and molecular biology. Anthropologist: Rosalind Franklin; Made critical contributions to the understanding of DNA structure through X-ray diffraction studies.”
Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology
Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology,”Anthropologist: V. Gordon Childe; Developed theories on the urban revolution and the Neolithic Revolution, advancing prehistoric archaeology. Anthropologist: Lewis Binford; Pioneered processual archaeology, emphasizing scientific methods and environmental factors in archaeological interpretation. Anthropologist: Ian Hodder; Advocated for post-processual archaeology, focusing on the interpretation of past societies through cultural context and agency.”
The Nature of Culture
The Nature of Culture,”Anthropologist: Clifford Geertz; Defined culture as ““webs of significance,”” emphasizing the interpretation of symbols and meaning in cultural contexts. Anthropologist: Edward Tylor; Developed the concept of cultural evolution and proposed the definition of culture as a complex whole. Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Studied cultural variations and cultural determinism, contributing to understanding the diversity of human cultures.”
The Nature of Society
The Nature of Society,”Anthropologist: Émile Durkheim; Studied social facts and collective consciousness, laying the groundwork for understanding society as a cohesive unit. Anthropologist: Max Weber; Analyzed social action and bureaucracy, emphasizing the role of institutions and rationality in societal development. Anthropologist: Karl Marx; Formulated theories on class struggle and capitalism, highlighting economic factors in shaping societal structures.”
Marriage
Marriage,”Anthropologist: Edward Westermarck; Studied marriage customs cross-culturally, emphasizing the role of biological and social factors in mate selection. Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Explored the functional aspects of marriage among the Trobriand Islanders, highlighting its role in social stability and reproduction. Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Investigated cultural variations in marital practices, challenging Western norms and exploring alternative family structures.”
Family
Family,”Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Studied family structures in the Trobriand Islands, focusing on kinship ties and their role in social organization. Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Conducted cross-cultural studies on family dynamics, highlighting variations in child-rearing practices and gender roles. Anthropologist: Claude Lévi-Strauss; Analyzed kinship systems and family structures using structuralist approaches, identifying universal patterns in family organization.”
Kinship
Kinship,”Anthropologist: Lewis Henry Morgan; Classified kinship systems and proposed evolutionary stages of family organization, influencing kinship studies in anthropology. Anthropologist: Alfred Radcliffe-Brown; Developed structural-functionalism to analyze kinship as a system of social organization and solidarity. Anthropologist: David Schneider; Critiqued kinship studies, arguing for cultural variability and the constructed nature of kinship ties in different societies.”
Economic Organization
Economic Organization,”Anthropologist: Karl Marx; Analyzed economic systems and class struggle, influencing anthropological theories on economic organization and inequality. Anthropologist: Max Weber; Studied the rationalization of economic systems and the role of bureaucracy in shaping economic organization. Anthropologist: Marcel Mauss; Explored gift exchange and reciprocity in economic systems, linking economic practices with social cohesion and cultural values.”
Political Organization and Social Control
Political Organization and Social Control,”Anthropologist: Émile Durkheim; Studied social facts and collective consciousness, examining the role of rituals and norms in maintaining social order. Anthropologist: Max Weber; Analyzed authority and power structures in different societies, emphasizing the role of bureaucracy and legal-rational authority. Anthropologist: Victor Turner; Applied symbolic anthropology to political rituals and rites of passage, studying how rituals reinforce political authority and social control.”
Religion
Religion,”Anthropologist: Edward Tylor; Proposed the evolutionary theory of religion, exploring the development of religious beliefs and practices in human societies. Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Studied the functional aspects of religion among the Trobriand Islanders, focusing on its role in social cohesion and addressing uncertainties. Anthropologist: Clifford Geertz; Analyzed religion as a cultural system of symbols and meanings, emphasizing the interpretation of religious practices in their cultural context.”
Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer)
Classical Evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan, and Frazer),”Anthropologist: Edward Tylor; Proposed cultural evolutionism, arguing that societies progress from simple to complex forms based on their cultural development. Anthropologist: Lewis Henry Morgan; Classified societies into evolutionary stages (savagery, barbarism, civilization), based on technological and social progress. Anthropologist: James Frazer; Studied comparative mythology and rituals, proposing evolutionary stages of religious development in human societies.”
Historical Particularism (Boas)
Historical Particularism (Boas),”Anthropologist: Franz Boas; Rejected cultural evolutionism and emphasized the study of specific cultures in their historical and environmental contexts. Anthropologist: Ruth Benedict; Applied Boasian principles to analyze cultural patterns and personality traits, challenging universalist theories in anthropology. Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Conducted ethnographic studies emphasizing cultural diversity and the importance of fieldwork in understanding human behavior and societies.”
Diffusionism (British, German, and American)
Diffusionism (British, German, and American),”Anthropologist: Grafton Elliot Smith; Studied cultural diffusion and the spread of ideas and technologies across different cultures. Anthropologist: Franz Boas; Critiqued diffusionism and emphasized cultural borrowing and independent invention in explaining cultural similarities. Anthropologist: Alfred Kroeber; Developed historical particularism and cultural area theory, studying cultural diffusion in North America and beyond.”
Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown)
Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown),”Anthropologist: Bronisław Malinowski; Developed functionalism, focusing on the adaptive functions of cultural practices in maintaining social equilibrium. Anthropologist: Alfred Radcliffe-Brown; Introduced structural-functionalism, analyzing social structures and institutions as integrated parts of a functional whole. Anthropologist: Robert Merton; Applied functionalism to social structures and institutions, emphasizing the manifest and latent functions in maintaining societal stability.”
Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach)
Structuralism (Lévi-Strauss and E. Leach),”Anthropologist: Claude Lévi-Strauss; Applied structuralism to analyze cultural phenomena, identifying underlying structures and binary oppositions in myths and kinship systems. Anthropologist: Edmund Leach; Extended structuralism to study social structures and rituals in Southeast Asia, emphasizing symbolic meanings and social organization.”
Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois)
Culture and Personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner, and Cora-du Bois),”Anthropologist: Ruth Benedict; Studied cultural patterns and personality types, emphasizing cultural relativism and the influence of culture on individual behavior. Anthropologist: Margaret Mead; Conducted cross-cultural studies on gender roles and personality development, challenging Western norms and highlighting cultural variations. Anthropologist: Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict; Studied the relationship between language, culture, and personality, exploring how language shapes thought and behavior.”
