P1: Bonding, Structure & Properties Of Matter Flashcards
Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid.
Very close in a regular pattern.
Describe the movement of particles in a solid.
Vibrate around a fixed position, with low energy.
Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid.
Close, randomly arranged.
Describe the movement of particles in a liquid.
Move around eachother.
Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.
Far apart and randomly arranged.
Describe the movement of particles in a gas.
Moving at random speeds in all direction.
What is an ionic lattice?
The regular arrangement of ions in an ionic substance.
How can you tell which ionic compounds are giant structures?
ALL ionic compounds are giant structures of ions with an ionic lattice.
What is an ionic lattice held together by?
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
What are the structural properties of diamond?
-Each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds
-There are no free electrons
What are the properties of diamond?
Hard, high melting and boiling points, doesn’t conduct electricity.
Describe the structure of graphite.
-Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
-No covalent bonds between layers
-Weak forces between layers
-One delocalised electron from each atom
Describe and explain the properties of graphite
-Conducts electricity: delocalised electrons are free to move between layers
-Slippery: Weak intermolecular forces between layers in graphite
What is one layer of graphite called?
Graphene.
What are the properties of Graphene?
High melting point, very strong, conducts electricity.
Explain the properties of Graphene.
Strong covalent bonds between the carbon atoms, delocalised electrons that are free to move across its surface.
What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes.
What are the uses of fullerenes?
Conductors, lubricant, delivering medication around the body, nanotechnology.
What are the properties of buckminsterfullerenes? State and explain them.
Slippery with low melting points because there are weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
What is a nanotube?
A layer of graphite rolled into a cylinder.
What are nanotubes used for?
Nanotechnology, electronics and specialised materials.
What is a polymer?
A large molecule formed from many smaller identical smaller molecules known as monomers.
What are the properties of polymers?
High boiling and melting points.
What are the properties of metals?
Conducts electricity, good conductors of thermal energy, high melting and boiling points.
Why are metals electrical conductors?
Because their delocalised electrons carry electrical charge through the metal.
Why are metals good conductors of thermal energy?
Because their delocalised electrons transfer energy
Why do metals have high melting points and boiling points?
Because the metallic bonding in the giant structure of a metal is very strong - large amounts of energy are needed to overcome the metallic bonds in melting and boiling
What is an alloy?
A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
Why do people use alloys instead of pure metals?
Because many pure metals are too soft for use.
Why are alloys so strong?
In an alloy, there are atoms of different sides, which distort the layers of atoms in the pure metal. This means that a greater force is required for the layers to slide over each other.
What are the uses of nanoparticulate materials?
Medical treatments, cosmetics, deodorants and sunscreens, electronics and catalysts.
What are the properties of nanomaterials?
-Hard (so do not erode as quickly as normal metals)
-Strong (not vulnerable to damage, do not bend out of shape)
What are the benefits of using nanoparticles instead of fine particles? (2 reasons)
-Less can be used
-Greater surface area : volume ratio.
Do simple molecules conduct electricity? Why/why not?
They don’t because they don’t have charge.
