P1: Attachment

Question 1

Ao1 infant caregiver interactions reciprocity

Answer 1

• responding to the action of another action, action of one partner elicits a response from another partner
  -infant and caregiver are both active contributors in the interaction and are responding with each other, results in mutual behaviour with both parties able to elicit responses from each other
• traditional views of childhood have seen the baby in a passive role where they receive care from the adult, but it seems the baby can take an active role. Both mother and child can initiate interactions and they appear To take turns doing so
• Brazelton: describes thus interaction as a dance. This basic rhythm is important precursor to later communications

Question 2

Ao1 infant caregiver interactions: interactional synchrony (not including study)

Answer 2

• mirroring each other in terms of facial and body movements as well as imitating emotions
• simultaneous action
• interaction is rhythmic and can include infant and caregiver mirroring each others behaviour and emotion, they reflect the actions and emotions of each other in a coordinated way

Question 3

Ao1 key study interactional synchrony

Answer 3

Meltzoff and Moore
- def of what interactional synchrony is
- they observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants as Young as 2 weeks old
- an adult displayed one of three facial expressions or one of three distinctive gestures
-Childs response was filmed and identified by independent observes
- association was found between the expression or gesture the adult had displayed and the actions of babies

Real or pseudo imitation?
- Piaget claimed true imitation developed towards the end of the 1st year. Anything before is response training. They repeat rewarded behaviour. Believes it’s pseudo
- Meltzoff proposed this imitation is intentional. Murray and Trevarthen support this view, they played tapes of mothers interacting with children. When infants didn’t get a response they showed acutely distress. They actively tried to elicit a response from mother which supports idea behaviour is innate

Question 4

Ao3: interactional synchrony and reciprocity Strength - observations in care giver behaviour

Answer 4

• observations of mother infant interactions are generally well controlled procedures with both mother and infant being filmed from multiple angles
• ensures very fine details of behaviour can be recorded and later analysed. Babies don’t know or care they’re being observed so behaviour doesn’t changed in response to controlled observations

Question 5

Ao3: interactional synchrony and reciprocity - weaknesses: counter for observations in caregiver behaviour, failure to replicate research findings, individual differences

Answer 5

1. • despite interactional synchrony and reciprocity being reliability observed, what’s being observed is hand movements or changes in expression, difficult to be certain what’s taking place from the infants perspective, unclear whether the infants imitation of adult signals is conscious or deliberate, so it’s difficult to distinguish what’s copied or general activity
2. Failure to replicate findings: Koepke et al. Failed to replicate suggesting research may be unreliable. Meltz argued Koepke research was less carefully controlled. Shows findings into interactional synchrony are not certain and that infants may not mirror the behaviour and expression of adults
3. Individual diffferences: there is some variation between infants. Isabella found more strongly attached infant caregiver pairs elicited greater synchrony. Shows children will respond differently upon the nature of their attachment, and that the results of previous research may be unreliable

Question 6

Ao3: interactional synchrony and reciprocity - toppings: 1. RLA, 2. methodological weakness

Answer 6

RLA - Meltzoff developed a like me hypothesis, explains how infants acquire an understanding of what other people are thinking and feeling. Shows how interactional synchrony might help children understand the internal mental states of other people , showing importance of research to understand adult social relationships

Methodological weaknesses - 1. Research should take place in a natural setting to increase validity
2. Most research is observational, so bias in observer interpretation, may be counted by using two

Question 7

Ao1: research into stages of attachment

Answer 7

Question 8

Ao3: research into stages of attachment

Answer 8

Question 9

Ao1 stages of attachment Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 9

Question 10

Ao3 for stages of attachment Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 10

Question 11

Ao1: Bowlbys monotroping theory

Answer 11

Question 12

Ao3 bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 12

Question 13

Ao1 ainsworths strange situation and types of attachment

Answer 13

Question 14

Ao3 ainsworths strange situation

Answer 14

Question 15

Ao1 cultural variations in attachment style - Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Answer 15

Question 16

Ao1: cultural variations Takahashi

Answer 16

Question 17

Ao3 studies into cultural variations

Answer 17

Question 18

Ao1 Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 18

Question 19

Ao1: Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 19

Question 20

Ao1: bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 20

Question 21

Ao1: bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 21

Question 22

Ao3 bowlbys maternal deprivation theory

Answer 22

Question 23

Ao3 bowlbys maternal deprivation theory

Answer 23

Question 24

Ao1 influence of early attachments on childhood and adulthood relationship

Answer 24

Question 25

Ao1 influence of early attachments on childhood and adulthood relationship

Answer 25

Question 26

Ao3 research into influence of early attachments in later relationships

Answer 26