P1 ATTACHMENT Flashcards by jamie rogers

Who found interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks old?

Meltzoff & Moore (1977)

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The temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviours between 2 people’ is better known as……?

Interactional synchrony

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Who found that mothers pick up on their babies ‘alert phases’ about 2 thirds of the time?

Feldman & Eidelmann (2007)

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When one person elicits a response from another is known as ….?

Reciprocity

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Babies are passive? True or false?

False. Brazelton (1975) described mum and babies interactions as ‘like a dance’. Babies play an active role in communication

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Why is it difficult to study babies behaviours?

Difficult to interpret intentions = we can’t ask them!

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What did Isabella (1989) find out about interactional synchrony?

High levels of synchrony was associated with better quality mum-baby attachments

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Why are filmed observations a strength of research into caregiver-infant interactions?

+ Can do covertly = babies don’t change behaviour
+ Can use multiple observers = establish inter-rater reliability

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What are Schaffer’s 4 stages of attachement?

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

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At what age does a baby normally display attachment to one person?

Around 7-8 months

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In what % of cases is mum the primary attachment figure?

65%

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At what age has the majority of babies formed multiple attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson

1 year

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Schaffer & Emerson (1964) studied ……?

60 Glasgow babies in a naturalistic observation

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What did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find was the role of the father?

Play

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At what age did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find 75% of babies had formed an attachment withj their father’s?

18 months

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According to Schaffer & Emerson (1964) what % of babies….
1. Had dad as a primary attachment figure?
2. Had dad as a joint first attachment figure?

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According to Grossman (2002) how does a dad’s interaction with a baby effect it in adolescence?

Quality of play as a baby related to quality of adolescent attachments

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What did Tiffany Field (1978) discover about dad’s?

Dad’s who are primary caregivers use reciprocity & interactional synchrony more than other dads = they can do it!!

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Why has research into the role of the father got RWA?

Can be used to offer advice to parents….
eg 1. Dad’s can be primary caregiver
eg 2. Not having a dad does not affect a child’s development

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Who discovered imprinting?

Lorenz (1952)

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What ‘CC’ did Harlow discover?

Contact comfort

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How long is a monkey’s critical period for attachment, according to Harlow?

90 days

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How did maternal deprivation affect Harlow’s monkeys in adulthood?

More aggressive;
Less sociable;
Lack of reproductive skills;
Neglectful parents - some even killed their young

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What researcher am I?
+ Real world value in social care and zoo’s
- Ethical issues
- Generalisability

Harlow

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According to learning theory, what are the 2 ways we learn to attach to our caregiver?

Classical & Operant conditioning

Why does feeding a crying baby 'negatively reinforce' the parent?

It stops the crying

If attachment is a secondary drive, what is the babies primary drive?

Hunger

Bowlby's ............................ theory

Monotropic

Innate cute behaviours that encourage social interactions = ?

Social releasers

Bowlby's critical period is at what age?

Critical at 6 months and sensitive up to 2 years

What is the internal working model?

Bowlby's idea that a child develops a schema for their relationship with the PAF. It shapes future relationships

4 ways Ainsworth assessed attachement in her observation study?

Exploration & secure base behaviour Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Reunion behaviour

3 types of attachment according to Ainsworth?

1. Secure (B) 2. Insecure-resistant (C) 3. Insecure-avoidant (A)

What % of British babies are classed as securely attached?

60-75%

The least common attachment type in the UK?

Insecure-resistant = 3%

Which topic am I? - May be a 4th category? + Can predict future achievement/mental health outcomes? - Culturally relative methodology + Good inter-rater reliability

Ainsworth's strange situation

What is the 4th attachment category according to Main & Solomon (1986)

Type D = Disorganised = mix of resistant & avoidant

Who conducted research into cultural variations of attachment?

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)

VI & K did a meta-analysis of 32 studies..... 1. from how many countries? 2. Using how many children?

1. 8 different countries 2. 1990 children

Name at least 2 findings from the VI & K study on cultural variations?

= secure attachment most common in all = IA (type C) individualist cultures results similar to Ainsworth (14%) = IA (type C) higher in collectivist cultures (above 25%) = greater variation within CULTURES than BETWEEN

Whose modern Italian study suggests attachment types are changing?

Simonella (2014)

What rates of the following did Simnoella (2014) find? 1. secure 2. insecure-avoidant

1. 50% 2. 36%

Why did Simonella suggest there was an increase in insecure-avoidant children in her 2014 study?

Increase in working mums = long hours and increased childcare

What topic am I? - Imposed etic + Used indigenous researchers - Some research affected by researcher bias - Confounding variables between studies

Cultural variations

What's the difference between separation and deprivation?

Deprivation is when the child is not just physically separated but is deprived of EMOTIONAL CARE

What did Bowlby say was the effects of maternal deprivation in the critical period was on: 1. intellectual development 2. emotional development

1. Abnormally low IQ 2. Affectionless psychopathy

What is affectionless psychopathy?

An inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others. Prevents fulfilling relationships and associated with criminality (lack remorse)

Which study demonstrates the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation?

Bowlby's 44 thieves study

44 thieves study...... 1. Who was interviewed? 2. How many were affectionless psychopaths? 3. How many of these had experienced separation in childhood?

1. The teenagers and their families 2. 14 of the 44 3. 12 of the 14

Why is Bowlby's evidence for the 44 thieves study considered to be flawed?

Bias = he did the interviews and AP assessments himself - he knew who has been separated before!!

Which Czech case study can be used to criticise Bowlby's critical period?

The Koluchova (1976) Czech twins

Who conducted the ERA study?

Rutter (2011)

What does ERA stand for?

English & Romanian Adoptee study

What attachment style did Rutter find in children adopted after 6 months?

Disinhibited attachment

What did the ERA study assess?

Physical, cognitive and emotional development at ages 4, 6, 11, 15, and 22-25 yrs

In the ERA study what was the mean IQ's at age 11 for: 1. those adopted before 6 months 2. those adopted after 6 months but before 2 years 3 those adopted after 2 years

1. 102 2. 86 3. 77

What was the name of the study Zeanah (2005) conducted?

Bucharest early intervention project

Zeanah compared 95 Romanian orphans with who?

50 Romanian children who had never lived in an institution

What did Zeanah find in his BEI study? Control vs institutional groups 1. % of those securely attached? 2. % with disinhibited attachment?

1. 74% control vs 19% inst 2. under 20% control vs 44% inst

What topic am I? - Lack of adult data + RWA +/- socially sensitive research - confounding variables = horrible conditions

Institutionalisation

What 2 types of adult relationships are affected by a child's internal working model?

Romantic & Parental (with own children)

Which classic study shows the association between attachment and adult relationships?

Hazan & Shaver's Love Quiz

What did Bailey et al (2007) find out baby-mother-grandmother attachments?

Majority of women had the same attachment type to their babies as with their own mothers