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Science 2024 > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Oscillation meaning

A

A regularly repeating motion about a central value

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2
Q

Example of oscillation

A

A child on a swing
In an oscillation something is displaced from its rest position but also has a tendency to bounce back

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3
Q

How does the displacement change between physical oscillation and electrical oscillation

A

Physical oscillation is the displacement is a distance moved by something from rest
Whereas electrical oscillation is the displacement would change of voltage of current going regularly up and down in value

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4
Q

How to measure oscillation

A

By amplitude

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5
Q

What do waves do

A

Transfer energy from place to place but without causing any net movement of material

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6
Q

What does energy transfer of waves depend on

A

Initial oscillation system and if its connected to its surroundings

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7
Q

What happens if the energy from the first oscillation transfers energy to a somiliar system next to it

A

Then that system will also start oscillating

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8
Q

What happens when the second oscillation starts oscillating with the first

A

They will not be in time just like when a heavier person sits next to u on a springy sofa and you will have to bounce a few times before stopping which is the start of a wave

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9
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance along the wave in direction of travel

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10
Q

What happens if you travel with a awake for one wavelength

A

You will find another place where the oscillation does again occur exactly in time with thr frist oscillation
This is because when a wave transfers energy it takes time so a short distance away, through a similiar oscillation happens it is delayed in time

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11
Q

Wave speed equation

A

Wavelength dicided by periodic time

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12
Q

Example of oscillating system

A

Piston in a motor engine

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13
Q

Sine meaning

A

Mathematical function of the angle through which you can imagine a crankshaft turning to drive the motion

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14
Q

Longitudinal wabe

A

When the displacement occurs in the same direction that the wave travels

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15
Q

Transverse wave

A

The displacement is at right angles to the direction of propagation or the wave

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16
Q

Are transverse waves easy to picture

A

Yes because they look like sine wave graphs with displacement on the vertical axis and distance travelled by wave plotted horizontally

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17
Q

Why are longitudinal waves harder to read

A

The different displacement of particles along the direction in which the wave is propagating, lead to a series of compressions (where they are closer together)and rarefractions(where they are further apart)

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18
Q

What is a good example for seeing clearly the compressions and rarefractions in a longitudinal wave

A

Slinky spring

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19
Q

Pressure wave

A

Oscillations in pressure travelling through a solid or fluid medium

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20
Q

Shock wave

A

A longitudinal(pressure) wave and a transverse (shaking) wave
They travel at different times and speeds so will arrive ay different times

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21
Q

Example of shock wave

A

Earthquake

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22
Q

What is diffraction

A

The tendency of a wave to spread out in all directions, transferring energy to its surrounding as it does so

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23
Q

Ahat happens when a wave faces a flat obstacle like a wall

A

Most of the wave energy is absorbed or reflected

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24
Q

What happens when a wave faces an obstacle that has gaps or edges

A

Wave energy can travel round them or through the gaps which is diffraction occurring. After wave energy going through the gap it keeps going in a forward direction or it can spread out

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25
Q

Practical for diffraction

A

The ripple tank

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26
Q

What is the ripple tank

A

Glass bottomed tray
Shining light downwards through the water in a tray onto a horizontal white screen/ price of paper
The moving ripples can be seen as bright lines

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27
Q

If obstacles have edges that is a few times bigger than the wavelength of the ripples in the ripple tank what can u see

A

Observe diffraction ripples with curves wave fronts even though the original ripples had straight line wave fronts

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28
Q

What does every wave front have

A

Oscillations and energy

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29
Q

What do wave fronts act as

A

Secondary source of circular ripples spreading out in all directions
The secondary ripples add together to make a straight line for the wave front to keep moving in a straight line

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30
Q

Who developed a geometrical construction to predict the shape of waves in water

A

Dutch mathematician and scientist Christian Huygens

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31
Q

What did Christian Huygens do in 1678

A

The first to apply this wave front propagation principle to light and showed that wave theory could explain all the behaviour of lenses and mirrors

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32
Q

What did Thomas Young do and when

A

1801 his experiments on diffraction and interference finally convicted the scientific community to use a wave motion theory for light

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33
Q

What is diffraction grating

A

A flat plane object that has a series of regular lines formed on it that block parts of an advancing wave front

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34
Q

Example of diffraction grating in a microwave

A

The lines could be a series of regularly spaced bars or wires

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35
Q

Example of diffraction grating in a microwave

A

The lines could be a series of regularly spaced bars or wires

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36
Q

Diffraction grating on glass

A

Use a price of glass with a eries of very fine and and regularly spaced scratches on a surface

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37
Q

Transmission

A

Wave energy passing through an object

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38
Q

What happens when a wave front meets a diffraction grating

A

Some of rhe wave energy continues propagating forward through the gaps between grating lines which is transmission

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39
Q

What happens to the energy after transmission

A

Some of wave energy may be absorbed by grating itself but remainder of energy is scattered backwards as its reflection

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40
Q

What is reflection

A

Wave energy that bounces off a surface and has its direction of travel altered by more than 180degrees

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41
Q

Why is the spacing between grating lines important

A

If it is too close to the wavelength tof the incident radiation(the incoming waves) then the grating will produce an interference pattern or refulary spaced bright dark lines which create certain angles after diffraction ans no wave energy

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42
Q

Interference pattern

A

A stationary pattern that can result from the superposition of waves travelling in different directions, provided they are coherent

43
Q

What is there whenever there is a path dofference

A

Between waves from adjacent source works out to be a whole number of wavelengths, then displacements due to waves from all separate sources will be in phase
They add together constructively to give a bright spot of high intensity of of radiation at that point

44
Q

What happens where the path difference between waves from adjacent gaps in the grating works out to be half a wavelength

A

The interference between the waves will be destructive

45
Q

What doss it mean if waves are destructive

A

The wave displacement due to the wave energy coming from one grating gap is completely out of phase with that coming from the next door gap

46
Q

Whay do u look ar when there is gratings in reflection mode

A

Look at the part of the wave energy thag is bounced back off the grating surface
As the lines are regularly spaced an interference pattern is produced

47
Q

Advantage of reflection mode

A

You do not have to worry about the transparency of the grating
So long as the wave energy hitting the grating line gets lost it does not matter whether it has been absorbed or transmitted

48
Q

Wave theory

A

Used to describe light
Gives a good explanation of basic light properties you observe, notably diffraction and refraction but also reflection

49
Q

Photon

A

A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons have zero mass and zero charge but a definite energy value linked to their frequency

50
Q

Ahat do u have to do when thinking about the coherence of light

A

Combine ideas from wave theory and photons which is called wave particle duality

51
Q

Whag objects can u observe interference on

A

Mirrors
Passing though a double split
The lines of a diffraction grating

52
Q

Coherence length

A

Path difference between the beams

53
Q

Whay happens if the path difference between the beams get larger than a certain size

A

Interference fringes fade and disappear

54
Q

Why are light and electromagnetic waves seen as different to waves like water or sound

A

The conditions for coherence go beyond the simple frequency and phase requirements

55
Q

An example where light waves are considered fast

A

No detector is fast enough to record two light frequencies

56
Q

Quantum theory

A

Combines ideas from wave motion and particle mechanics theories to create a new wave mechanics
The sub-atomic level all the particles also behave like waves

57
Q

Emission spectrum

A

Bright coloured lines at definite frequencies seen when splitting light using a prism or diffraction grating

58
Q

How can you explain these lines seen in the emission spectrum

A

Explain these lines by thinking about the energy levels for electrons in the atom. When a gas/vapour is cooled most of the atoms will be ground state which means their orbital electrons are in the lowest energy state possible

59
Q

An example of ground state

A

Just like water flows down a hill, things in general tend to gravitate towards the lowest energy state possible

60
Q

When does de-excitation occur

A

One electron at a time, at randomly unpredictable times

61
Q

Stationary wave

A

Wave motions that store energy instead of transferring the energy to other locations

62
Q

Nodes

A

Points along a stationary wave where the displacement amplitude is at a minimum

63
Q

How often do nodes occur in a stationary wave

A

Every half wavelength

64
Q

Antinode

A

Points of maximum amplitude that occur halfway between each pair of nodes

65
Q

What do stationary waves occur in

A

Resonators, where the wave motion is confined in a fixed space

66
Q

Why does the resonator have boundaries

A

That prevent the wave progressing further and reflect its energy back

67
Q

The practical for stationary waves is?

A

Causing vibrations in a stretched string

68
Q

The practical for stationary waves is?

A

Causing vibrations in a stretched string

69
Q

Resonance

A

The storing of energy in an oscillation or a stationary wave, the energy coming from an external source if appropriately matched frequency

70
Q

Forcing frequency

A

The frequency of wave energy from an external source that is coupled to a resonator. Efficient energy transfers into the resonator only occurs when this is close to one of the natural frequencies

71
Q

Natural frequency

A

A resonator has a series of natural frequencies, each of which corresponds to an exact number of half wavelengths fitting within its boundaries

72
Q

What does musical instruments depend on

A

Resonance to produce their musical notes

73
Q

What type of wave is a stretched string

A

The oscillations are transverse

74
Q

What point of a string is the nodes

A

The fixed end because there is no vibration

75
Q

How many half wavelengths can be fitted on a string

A

Any can be putted on, giving harmonics that make the string resonate at frequencies

76
Q

Another instrument that acts as a resonator

A

Tubes

77
Q

How is a tube a resonator

A

The pipe will have maximum oscillations at both its open end and one or more nodes in between. This gives a set of harmonic frequencies similiar for those for a stretched string

78
Q

How does a closed end cylinder give lower notes than an open end one

A

As there is a closed side this makes a displacement node at the closed end with an antinode at the open end

79
Q

What is the difference between constructive and destructive wabes

A

Constructive is where they overlap
Destructive is where they do not overlap

80
Q

What degrees does destructive have and constructive

A

180 and sero or 360

81
Q

Example of infrared radiation

A

Optical fibres

82
Q

Harmonics meaning

A

How many waves are in the line

83
Q

How do signals transmit from phone to phone

A

Phone transmits a signal to the satellites
Rhe frequency of the wavelength of the signal is changed
The signal is downloaded and receives by another satellite phone

84
Q

Path difference
Phase difference

A

Lengths they cover for a specific time
Phase difference regards the time difference beyween there peaks and troughs

85
Q

Coherence and incoherence wave

A

Coherence
The path and phase difference syay constant through space and time
Path difference infront
Incoherence change through space and time
Phase difference infront

86
Q

Interfernce

A

Two or more waves of thr same type thay superimpose
The resultant wave is the result of adding or subtracting all ghe waves displacement

87
Q

Difference between constructive and destructive interferencr

A

Adding the amplitudes in constructive but destructive is subtracting

88
Q

Displacement

A

Represents how far the quantity thay is in the oscillation has moves from its mean position

89
Q

What might influence how a wave diffracts

A

Wavelength
Gap
Obstacle

90
Q

Diffraction grating

A

When an optical component has regularly spaced with lines that diffraction or split light into beame or different colours

91
Q

Waves thay interfere constructively and destructively are called

A

Maxima and minima

92
Q

Practical what happens if we start the frequency of the vibration at a low level

A

Increasing it slowly we will see little of signifcante until a certain value. This is due to resonance and is called rhe fundamental frequency or the first harmonic

93
Q

Where are antipodes and nodes on a wave

A

Antipodes is on the trough
Nodes are on the line in middle

94
Q

At something is something amplitude is zero
Ar something superstition is something at amplitude is maximum

A
95
Q

A standing wave

A

Us one created by the superstition of two progressive waves of equal frequency and amplitude moving in opposite directions

96
Q

Frequencies rhat are nor called fundamental frequencies are called

A

Overtones which vibrate ar whole number multiples or the fundamental are called harmonics

97
Q

Is the closed end or open end a node or antinode
How do u know

A

Closed end is a node open end is an antinode
In an open pipe both ends can vibrate freely so are antipodes

98
Q

How do longitudinal waves move

A

Backwards and forwards or push and pull

99
Q

How do transverse waves move

A

Side to side

100
Q

Which path difference between rays of light gives the bright line

A

One wavelength

101
Q

What does cladding do

A

Increases the critical angle
Which means fewer reflections and less energy loss

102
Q

What type of wave is on the string

A

Transverse and has a node at the end
It has lowest frequency that can be produced on a string

103
Q

What type of wave is in a pipe

A

Longitudinal
Standing wave closed pipe node
For open antinode on each side

Centre of lowest frequency

Science 2024 (10 decks)

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