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P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Oscillation meaning

A

A regularly repeating motion about a central value

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2
Q

Example of oscillation

A

A child on a swing
In an oscillation something is displaced from its rest position but also has a tendency to bounce back

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3
Q

How does the displacement change between physical oscillation and electrical oscillation

A

Physical oscillation is the displacement is a distance moved by something from rest
Whereas electrical oscillation is the displacement would change of voltage of current going regularly up and down in value

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4
Q

How to measure oscillation

A

By amplitude

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5
Q

What do waves do

A

Transfer energy from place to place but without causing any net movement of material

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6
Q

What does energy transfer of waves depend on

A

Initial oscillation system and if its connected to its surroundings

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7
Q

What happens if the energy from the first oscillation transfers energy to a somiliar system next to it

A

Then that system will also start oscillating

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8
Q

What happens when the second oscillation starts oscillating with the first

A

They will not be in time just like when a heavier person sits next to u on a springy sofa and you will have to bounce a few times before stopping which is the start of a wave

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9
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance along the wave in direction of travel

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10
Q

What happens if you travel with a awake for one wavelength

A

You will find another place where the oscillation does again occur exactly in time with thr frist oscillation
This is because when a wave transfers energy it takes time so a short distance away, through a similiar oscillation happens it is delayed in time

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11
Q

Wave speed equation

A

Wavelength dicided by periodic time

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12
Q

Example of oscillating system

A

Piston in a motor engine

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13
Q

Sine meaning

A

Mathematical function of the angle through which you can imagine a crankshaft turning to drive the motion

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14
Q

Longitudinal wabe

A

When the displacement occurs in the same direction that the wave travels

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15
Q

Transverse wave

A

The displacement is at right angles to the direction of propagation or the wave

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16
Q

Are transverse waves easy to picture

A

Yes because they look like sine wave graphs with displacement on the vertical axis and distance travelled by wave plotted horizontally

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17
Q

Why are longitudinal waves harder to read

A

The different displacement of particles along the direction in which the wave is propagating, lead to a series of compressions (where they are closer together)and rarefractions(where they are further apart)

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18
Q

What is a good example for seeing clearly the compressions and rarefractions in a longitudinal wave

A

Slinky spring

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19
Q

Pressure wave

A

Oscillations in pressure travelling through a solid or fluid medium

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20
Q

Shock wave

A

A longitudinal(pressure) wave and a transverse (shaking) wave
They travel at different times and speeds so will arrive ay different times

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21
Q

Example of shock wave

A

Earthquake

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22
Q

What is diffraction

A

The tendency of a wave to spread out in all directions, transferring energy to its surrounding as it does so

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23
Q

Ahat happens when a wave faces a flat obstacle like a wall

A

Most of the wave energy is absorbed or reflected

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24
Q

What happens when a wave faces an obstacle that has gaps or edges

A

Wave energy can travel round them or through the gaps which is diffraction occurring. After wave energy going through the gap it keeps going in a forward direction or it can spread out

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25
Practical for diffraction
The ripple tank
26
What is the ripple tank
Glass bottomed tray Shining light downwards through the water in a tray onto a horizontal white screen/ price of paper The moving ripples can be seen as bright lines
27
If obstacles have edges that is a few times bigger than the wavelength of the ripples in the ripple tank what can u see
Observe diffraction ripples with curves wave fronts even though the original ripples had straight line wave fronts
28
What does every wave front have
Oscillations and energy
29
What do wave fronts act as
Secondary source of circular ripples spreading out in all directions The secondary ripples add together to make a straight line for the wave front to keep moving in a straight line
30
Who developed a geometrical construction to predict the shape of waves in water
Dutch mathematician and scientist Christian Huygens
31
What did Christian Huygens do in 1678
The first to apply this wave front propagation principle to light and showed that wave theory could explain all the behaviour of lenses and mirrors
32
What did Thomas Young do and when
1801 his experiments on diffraction and interference finally convicted the scientific community to use a wave motion theory for light
33
What is diffraction grating
A flat plane object that has a series of regular lines formed on it that block parts of an advancing wave front
34
Example of diffraction grating in a microwave
The lines could be a series of regularly spaced bars or wires
35
Example of diffraction grating in a microwave
The lines could be a series of regularly spaced bars or wires
36
Diffraction grating on glass
Use a price of glass with a eries of very fine and and regularly spaced scratches on a surface
37
Transmission
Wave energy passing through an object
38
What happens when a wave front meets a diffraction grating
Some of rhe wave energy continues propagating forward through the gaps between grating lines which is transmission
39
What happens to the energy after transmission
Some of wave energy may be absorbed by grating itself but remainder of energy is scattered backwards as its reflection
40
What is reflection
Wave energy that bounces off a surface and has its direction of travel altered by more than 180degrees
41
Why is the spacing between grating lines important
If it is too close to the wavelength tof the incident radiation(the incoming waves) then the grating will produce an interference pattern or refulary spaced bright dark lines which create certain angles after diffraction ans no wave energy
42
Interference pattern
A stationary pattern that can result from the superposition of waves travelling in different directions, provided they are coherent
43
What is there whenever there is a path dofference
Between waves from adjacent source works out to be a whole number of wavelengths, then displacements due to waves from all separate sources will be in phase They add together constructively to give a bright spot of high intensity of of radiation at that point
44
What happens where the path difference between waves from adjacent gaps in the grating works out to be half a wavelength
The interference between the waves will be destructive
45
What doss it mean if waves are destructive
The wave displacement due to the wave energy coming from one grating gap is completely out of phase with that coming from the next door gap
46
Whay do u look ar when there is gratings in reflection mode
Look at the part of the wave energy thag is bounced back off the grating surface As the lines are regularly spaced an interference pattern is produced
47
Advantage of reflection mode
You do not have to worry about the transparency of the grating So long as the wave energy hitting the grating line gets lost it does not matter whether it has been absorbed or transmitted
48
Wave theory
Used to describe light Gives a good explanation of basic light properties you observe, notably diffraction and refraction but also reflection
49
Photon
A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons have zero mass and zero charge but a definite energy value linked to their frequency
50
Ahat do u have to do when thinking about the coherence of light
Combine ideas from wave theory and photons which is called wave particle duality
51
Whag objects can u observe interference on
Mirrors Passing though a double split The lines of a diffraction grating
52
Coherence length
Path difference between the beams
53
Whay happens if the path difference between the beams get larger than a certain size
Interference fringes fade and disappear
54
Why are light and electromagnetic waves seen as different to waves like water or sound
The conditions for coherence go beyond the simple frequency and phase requirements
55
An example where light waves are considered fast
No detector is fast enough to record two light frequencies
56
Quantum theory
Combines ideas from wave motion and particle mechanics theories to create a new wave mechanics The sub-atomic level all the particles also behave like waves
57
Emission spectrum
Bright coloured lines at definite frequencies seen when splitting light using a prism or diffraction grating
58
How can you explain these lines seen in the emission spectrum
Explain these lines by thinking about the energy levels for electrons in the atom. When a gas/vapour is cooled most of the atoms will be ground state which means their orbital electrons are in the lowest energy state possible
59
An example of ground state
Just like water flows down a hill, things in general tend to gravitate towards the lowest energy state possible
60
When does de-excitation occur
One electron at a time, at randomly unpredictable times
61
Stationary wave
Wave motions that store energy instead of transferring the energy to other locations
62
Nodes
Points along a stationary wave where the displacement amplitude is at a minimum
63
How often do nodes occur in a stationary wave
Every half wavelength
64
Antinode
Points of maximum amplitude that occur halfway between each pair of nodes
65
What do stationary waves occur in
Resonators, where the wave motion is confined in a fixed space
66
Why does the resonator have boundaries
That prevent the wave progressing further and reflect its energy back
67
The practical for stationary waves is?
Causing vibrations in a stretched string
68
The practical for stationary waves is?
Causing vibrations in a stretched string
69
Resonance
The storing of energy in an oscillation or a stationary wave, the energy coming from an external source if appropriately matched frequency
70
Forcing frequency
The frequency of wave energy from an external source that is coupled to a resonator. Efficient energy transfers into the resonator only occurs when this is close to one of the natural frequencies
71
Natural frequency
A resonator has a series of natural frequencies, each of which corresponds to an exact number of half wavelengths fitting within its boundaries
72
What does musical instruments depend on
Resonance to produce their musical notes
73
What type of wave is a stretched string
The oscillations are transverse
74
What point of a string is the nodes
The fixed end because there is no vibration
75
How many half wavelengths can be fitted on a string
Any can be putted on, giving harmonics that make the string resonate at frequencies
76
Another instrument that acts as a resonator
Tubes
77
How is a tube a resonator
The pipe will have maximum oscillations at both its open end and one or more nodes in between. This gives a set of harmonic frequencies similiar for those for a stretched string
78
How does a closed end cylinder give lower notes than an open end one
As there is a closed side this makes a displacement node at the closed end with an antinode at the open end
79
What is the difference between constructive and destructive wabes
Constructive is where they overlap Destructive is where they do not overlap
80
What degrees does destructive have and constructive
180 and sero or 360
81
Example of infrared radiation
Optical fibres
82
Harmonics meaning
How many waves are in the line
83
How do signals transmit from phone to phone
Phone transmits a signal to the satellites Rhe frequency of the wavelength of the signal is changed The signal is downloaded and receives by another satellite phone
84
Path difference Phase difference
Lengths they cover for a specific time Phase difference regards the time difference beyween there peaks and troughs
85
Coherence and incoherence wave
Coherence The path and phase difference syay constant through space and time Path difference infront Incoherence change through space and time Phase difference infront
86
Interfernce
Two or more waves of thr same type thay superimpose The resultant wave is the result of adding or subtracting all ghe waves displacement
87
Difference between constructive and destructive interferencr
Adding the amplitudes in constructive but destructive is subtracting
88
Displacement
Represents how far the quantity thay is in the oscillation has moves from its mean position
89
What might influence how a wave diffracts
Wavelength Gap Obstacle
90
Diffraction grating
When an optical component has regularly spaced with lines that diffraction or split light into beame or different colours
91
Waves thay interfere constructively and destructively are called
Maxima and minima
92
Practical what happens if we start the frequency of the vibration at a low level
Increasing it slowly we will see little of signifcante until a certain value. This is due to resonance and is called rhe fundamental frequency or the first harmonic
93
Where are antipodes and nodes on a wave
Antipodes is on the trough Nodes are on the line in middle
94
At something is something amplitude is zero Ar something superstition is something at amplitude is maximum
95
A standing wave
Us one created by the superstition of two progressive waves of equal frequency and amplitude moving in opposite directions
96
Frequencies rhat are nor called fundamental frequencies are called
Overtones which vibrate ar whole number multiples or the fundamental are called harmonics
97
Is the closed end or open end a node or antinode How do u know
Closed end is a node open end is an antinode In an open pipe both ends can vibrate freely so are antipodes
98
How do longitudinal waves move
Backwards and forwards or push and pull
99
How do transverse waves move
Side to side
100
Which path difference between rays of light gives the bright line
One wavelength
101
What does cladding do
Increases the critical angle Which means fewer reflections and less energy loss
102
What type of wave is on the string
Transverse and has a node at the end It has lowest frequency that can be produced on a string
103
What type of wave is in a pipe
Longitudinal Standing wave closed pipe node For open antinode on each side Centre of lowest frequency

Science 2024 (10 decks)

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