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GCSE PHYSICS PAPER 1 > P1 > Flashcards

P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

A

A system is an object or a group of objects

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2
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave. The net change in the total energy of a closed system is always zero

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3
Q

What are the 8 energy stores?

A
  1. kinetic energy store
  2. gravitational potential energy store
  3. elastic potential energy store
  4. chemical energy store
  5. thermal(internal) energy store
  6. nuclear energy store
  7. electrostatic energy store
  8. magnetic energy store
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4
Q

What are the four ways energy can be transferred?

A
  1. mechanically
  2. by heat
  3. by radiation
  4. electrically
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5
Q

State the conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated

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6
Q

Explain what happens as water boils in an electric kettle

A

energy is transferred to the water by heating, into the water’s thermal energy store and this causes the temperature of the water to rise

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7
Q

What is work done?

A

the amount of energy transferred

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8
Q

Explain what happens when an object (e.g. a ball) is projected upwards

A
  • the initial force exerted by a person to throw a ball does work.
  • Energy is transferred from the chemical store of the arm to the kinetic energy store of the ball and arm and the gravitational potential energy store of the ball
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9
Q

Explain what happens as a car slows down

A
  • the frictional forces cause a transfer of energy
  • energy is transferred from the wheels’ kinetic energy store to the thermal energy store of the surroundings
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10
Q

What is the equation to calculate kinetic energy?

A

kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × (speed)^2

Ek= joules
mass= kg
speed= m/s

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11
Q

What is an elastic potential store?

A

any object that is stretched, twisted or compressed

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12
Q

How can you calculate the elastic potential energy in a stretched spring?

A

elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant × (extension)^2

Ee= joules
Spring constant(k)= N/m
extenstion= m

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13
Q

equation for gravitational potential energy

A

Gravitational potential energy= mass x gravity x (change in) height

Ep= joules
mass=kg
gravity= N/Kg e.g. Earth=9.8
height= metres

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14
Q

equation to calculate the amount of energy stored in/ released from a system as its temperature changes?

A

Change in thermal energy= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

Δ E = m c Δ θ

mass= kg,
shc(c)= J/kg°C

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15
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The energy stored inside a system by particles that make up the system. Internal energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles in the system

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16
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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17
Q

What effect does thermal conductivity have on the rate of energy transfer?

A

The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material

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18
Q

Explain how a convection current works

A

A convection current is formed by a constant transfer of energy by heating to the substance. As the air is heated it becomes less dense so it rises whilst the cold air sinks. Once the heated air is away from the heater it becomes colder and then sinks allowing the hot air to rise. This then continues in a cycle

19
Q

Why are runners given foil blankets?

A

The heat would reflect light (infrared radiation) off the surface and back to heat the runners

20
Q

How can you make your walls in your home reduce the amount of energy wasted?

A
  • having thicker walls
  • having walls made with a material with a LOW thermal conductivity (less energy transfer via conduction)
21
Q

What else may be put in place in homes to reduce energy transfer?

A
  • loft insulation
  • double glazed windows
  • cavity wall insulation
  • fit carpets
22
Q

What are the roles of lubricants?

A

Lubricants reduce the friction between the surfaces of objects that are rubbing together

23
Q

Define power

A

power is the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which work is done

24
Q

What is the equation linking power, energy transferred(or work done) & time?

A

P= E/t, power=energy transferred/time

P=W/t
power=work done/ time

25
Q

True or False: An energy transfer of 1 joule per second is equal to a power of 1 watt

A

True

26
Q

Define efficiency

A

Efficiency is the proportion of input energy transferred which is usefully transferred

27
Q

What are the two equations for efficiency?

A
  1. efficiency=useful output energy transfer/ total input energy transfer
  2. efficiency= useful power output/ total power input
28
Q

How can the efficiency of a system be increased?

A
  1. reducing waste output-by lubrication, thermal insulation
  2. recycling waste output- recycling thermal waste energy as input energy
29
Q

How can the efficiency of a mechanical machine with moving parts be improved?

A

Lubricate any moving parts to reduce the friction and therefore energy loss due to heating

30
Q

How can the efficiency of a radiator be improved?

A

Installing metal foil sheets behind the radiator to reflect the heat back into the room rather than it being absorbed into the walls

31
Q

What is a non-renewable energy resource?

A

A non-renewable energy resource is one that has a limited supply & it will run out at some stage because they are used faster than they can be replaced

32
Q

What are the main energy resources available for use on Earth?

A
  • fossil fuels(coal, oil, gas)
  • biofuels(plant products, animal dung)
  • nuclear fuel(uranium, plutonium)
  • wind
  • solar
  • geothermal
  • hydro-electricty
  • tides
  • waves
33
Q

What is a renewable energy source? give examples

A

A renewable energy resource is one that can be replenished as it is used

  1. solar
  2. wind
  3. biofuels
  4. geothermal
  5. hydro-electricity
  6. waves
  7. tidal barrages
34
Q

Give examples of non-renewable energy resources

A
  • fossil fuels
  • nuclear power
35
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of fossil fuels

A

Advantages
- fossil fuels are easy to obtain
- fossil fuels provide a cost effective energy resource

Disadvantages
- The carbon dioxide produced adds to the greenhouse effect
- burning coal releases sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain

36
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of nuclear power

A

Advantages
- less fuel offers more energy
- no carbon dioxide is produced

Disadvantages
- the waste is hard to dispose of
- gives off harmful waste products

37
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of biofuels

A

Advantages
- fairly reliable as plants take a short time to grow
- biodiesel has a higher flash point, which means it is safer as it does not ignite easily
- carbon neutral: it uses the same amount as any carbon it produces so there’s no overall release of carbon

Disadvantages
- high costs are needed to refine biofuels
- large amounts of water and space are needed to grow the crops

38
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of wind power

A

Advantages
- produces no pollution
- no fuel costs
- does not cause any permanent damage to the landscape

Disadvantages
- no power when the wind stops
- can be very noisy
- can not increase the supply when there is a higher demand as it relies on the wind
-visual pollution

39
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of solar cells

A

Advantages
- produces no pollution
- energy is free and the running costs are almost nil
- perfect for providing energy for devices that do not need large amounts of energy

Disadvantages
- no energy at night when there is no sun (can only be generating during daytime)
- generates energy on a relatively small scale

40
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of geothermal power

A

Advantages
- free energy
- reliable
- very little impact on the environment

Disadvantages
- there are not many suitable location for the power stations
- building costs for the power stations are very high

41
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of hydro-electric power

A

Advantages
- no pollution
- can provide an instant response to an increased demand of energy

Disadvantages
- environmental impacts e.g. rotting vegetables
- reservoirs look unpleasant when they dry up

42
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of wave power

A

Advantages
- no pollution
- no fuel costs
- can be useful on small island

Disadvantages
- can be a hazard to boats
- disturbs the seabed and the habitats of marine animals

43
Q

Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of tidal barrages

A

Advantages
- no pollution
- no fuel costs
- has the potential for generating large amount of energy

Disadvantages
- spoils the view and alters the habitat
- the height of the tide is a variable
- prevents free access by boats

GCSE PHYSICS PAPER 1 (4 decks)

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