P&T Ch8

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

Occurs when the demands of the individual exceed his or her available resources. Brain regions involved in stress responses include the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal lobes, as well as the circuitry that connects those regions. Stress triggers the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the release of stress hormones such as cortisol.

Question 2

Coping

Answer 2

The regulatory processes that are activated in response to stress

Question 3

Maltreatment

Answer 3

A broad category including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect, reflecting the “gross violation of the rights of a vulnerable and dependent child”

Question 4

Neglect

Answer 4

Involves failure to provide minimum standards of care (e.g., regarding shelter, safety or super-vision, nutrition) that leads to harm or endangerment.

Question 5

Emotional (or psychological) abuse

Answer 5

Ongoing and extreme disregard or thwarting of basic emotional needs.

Question 6

Developmental trauma disorder

Answer 6

Involves both exposure and adaptation to chronic trauma, with exposure often occurring in the context of a child’s caregiving environment.

Question 7

Poly-victimization

Answer 7

Children who endure poly-victimization “experience physical and emotional abuse by caregivers, assaults and harassment by peers, sexual victimizations by acquaintances and strangers, and are exposed to crime and violence in their com-munities and neighborhood—all this over the course of a relatively short period of time”