P&T Ch12

Question 1

Major depressive disorder

Answer 1

Characterized by the onset of 5 or more depressive symptoms, which need to include at least one of the following: Lack of interest, and Depressive mood

Question 2

Minor depressive disorder

Answer 2

2-4 symptoms embodied over the course of 2 weeks

Question 3

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 3

2-4 symptoms embodied over the course of 2 years, and symptoms are typically more severe than that of minor depressive disorder

Question 4

Cognitive vulnerability–stress model

Answer 4

The theory that a genetic or biological predisposition to certain mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, mood disorders) exists and that psychological and social factors can increase the likelihood of symptomatic episodes

Question 5

Bipolar disorder

Answer 5

Symptomology includes the onset of manic episodes as well as depressive symtoms.

Question 6

Kindling model

Answer 6

Posits that initial episodes of a mood disorder are more likely to be influenced by psychosocial stressors compared to later episodes, upon which stressors are thought to have less of an effect

Question 7

Rumination

Answer 7

The focused attention on the symptoms of one’s distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions. (For example, worrying about a test that is coming up)

Question 8

Pathways of parental impact

Answer 8

●Parent depression affects parent–child relationships and interactions and leads to child psychopathology.
●Parent depression affects family relationships and interactions and causes family disruptions, which lead to child psychopathology.
●Parent depression affects relationships with romantic partners, and this leads to child psychopathology.

Question 9

Reinforcement model

Answer 9

Parents offer fewer rewards and more punishments to their children. This model is sometimes viewed as more consistent with the maintenance of depression in children rather than the emergence of depression

Question 10

Suicidal ideation

Answer 10

A variety of cognitions, from “fleeting thoughts that life is not worth living” to “very concrete, well-thought out plans for killing oneself ”

Question 11

Parasuicide

Answer 11

Includes many behaviors, from less dangerous gestures to serious but unsuccessful suicide attempts. The term parasuicide is increasingly preferred over attempted suicide because the motives and intentions of individuals are often difficult to identify.

Question 12

Interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidality

Answer 12

Theory proposes two general categories of risk: dysregulated impulse control and intense psychological pain. The idea is that adolescents “gradually acquire the ability to enact lethal self-injury through prior experience with self-injury (which in turn is encouraged by impulsive behavior underlain by serotonergic dysregulation) … ability not acted upon unless the desire for death is instantiated by a strong sense of perceived burdensomeness coupled with a sense of failed belongingness”