P/S MCAT 01

Question 1

what is the difference between habituation and sensory adaptation?

Answer 1

habituation is becoming used to a stimulus and choosing to ignore it while adaptation is the reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after repeated exposure

Question 2

What occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus?

Answer 2

dishabituation

Question 3

A way of pairing stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences is called?

Answer 3

associative learning

Question 4

The acquisition of behavior by watching others is?

Answer 4

observational learning or modeling

Question 5

What are the forms of long-term memory

Answer 5

explicit(declarative) and implicit(nondeclarative)

Question 6

what are the types of explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 6

explicit memory can be episodic or semantic while implicit memory can be procedural

Question 7

What is the process of converting short term memory to long term memory by strengthening neural connections?

Answer 7

Long term potentiation

Question 8

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 8

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages

Question 9

object permanence ends what cognitive development stage?

Answer 9

sensorimotor

Question 10

concrete operational stage focuses on?

Answer 10

having empathy and manipulating physical objects and occurs from age 7 to 11

Question 11

The tendency to only use objects in the way they are normally utilized, hindering problem solving is called?

Answer 11

functional fixedness

Question 12

Types of problem solving include

Answer 12

deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, trial and error, algorithms

Question 13

What are shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions?

Answer 13

Heuristics

Question 14

What are Garner’s multiple intelligences?

Answer 14

linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Question 15

In stage 1 of sleep, what waves are on the EEG?

Answer 15

theta waves

Question 16

What is found in stage 2 of sleep?

Answer 16

theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes

Question 17

delta waves dominate which sleep stages?

Answer 17

stage 3 and 4

Question 18

Paradoxical sleep is also called?

Answer 18

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 19

what is the role of melatonin and cortisol in sleep?

Answer 19

reduced light in the evening triggers melatonin and cortisol is released in early morning to promote wakefulness

Question 20

what are the classes of consciousness altering drugs?

Answer 20

depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

Question 21

Language comprehension is controlled by the?

Answer 21

Wernicke’s area

Question 22

The motor function of speech is controlled by?

Answer 22

Broca’s area

Question 23

What defines the inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension?

Answer 23

conduction aphasia

Question 24

Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the?

Answer 24

arcuate fasciculus (connects wernicke’s and broca’s area)

Question 25

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law suggest?

Answer 25

performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 26

What theory states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states?

Answer 26

drive reduction theory

Question 27

What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 27

physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization

Question 28

Which theory emphasizes the role of autonomy, competence and relatedness?

Answer 28

self-determination theory

Question 29

Incentive theory explains motivation as the

Answer 29

desire to pursue rewards and avoids punishments

Question 30

Which theory states that the motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued?

Answer 30

expectancy-value theory

Question 31

Which theory explains motivation for drug use? As drug use increases, the body counteracts its effect, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. It also says that color perception is controlled by three opponent systems

Answer 31

Opponent-process theory

Question 32

What theory claims that the nervous system leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labelled

Answer 32

James-Lange theory

Question 33

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 33

The simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

Question 34

Which theory claims that the nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response

Answer 34

the Schachter-Singer theory

Question 35

The primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion is the?

Answer 35

limbic system

Question 36

The amygdala is involved in?

Answer 36

fear, attention and aggression

Question 37

which part of the brain creates long term explicit episodic memories and communicates with the limbic system using the fornix

Answer 37

hippocampus

Question 38

In stress, the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are

Answer 38

alarm, resistance, exhaustion