P/S Flashcards
role strain
conflicting demands from a single role
Webers ideal bureaucracy
hierarchy of authority, promotion based on effort, special and technical qualifications
Activation-synthesis theory
dreams are merely the interpretation of random electrical brain impulses
conformity
socially pressured behavioral standards of a group
Chunking
improving the encoding of informartion into memory by breaking information down into smaller “chunks”
Correspondence bias
tendency to attribute a personality trait as corresponding with a behavior
fMRI
used to visualize oxygenation of blood in different parts of the brain
ie. activity
CT scan
used primarly for brain strucutres
rational-legal authority
ascribe to an individual because of their socially appointed status
charismatic authority
based on special personality attribute
scoptic conditions
low light conditions
- uses rods
cultural transmission
passing of culture between generations
cultural diffusion
spreading of culture between societies
Hawthorne effect
involves individuals modifying or improving an aspect of their behavior in response to being observed
social interference
occurs when performance on a diffucult task is decreased due to the presence of others
social facilitation
performance on a well-practiced and simple task is heightened due to the presence of others
social desirability bias
participants give responses to experimenters they deem to be more socially acceptable and favourable
Cannon-Bard
arousal and emotion same time
James-Lange
physiological arousal leads to emotion
Schachter-Singer
emotion results from physiological arousal and cognition
Lazarus
emotions are detemined by appraisal of the sitmulus
Deindividuation
sense of dissociation from one’s identity when they are in a crowd
Groupthink
occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity results in irrational decision-making outcomes
Secularization
decreasing devotion to religious doctrines or practices
religious affiliation
identification of the religious group that a person belongs too
Retinal disparity
each of your eyes receives slightly different infromation about an object
BINOCULAR CUE
Sclera
thick layer that covers most of the exposed portion of the eye
retina
detect light and transduce a nervous impulse to the brain
Fecundity
potential to bear children
social network anaylsis
maps the connections between many different individuals in a community
Rural flight
shift from rural areas to cities
Reaction formation
pyschological defense mechanism in which a person goes beyond denail and behaves in the opposite way to which they think and feeel
oxidative phosphorylation
the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
substrate level phosphorylation
is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP or GDP. Transferring from a higher energy (whether phosphate group attached or not) into a lower energy product.
NADH
reducing or oxidizing agent
reducing agent
NAD+
reducing or oxidizing agent
oxidizing agent
order of size for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
social constructionist perspective
reality is created through social interactions, resulting in agreed-upon shared meanings
actor-observer bias
bias to attribute ones actions to external factors but other to internal factors
experimenter bias
researchers delibertly influence their study
fundamental attribution error
tendency to blame others behavior on interal instead of external factors
self-serving bias
successes as internal failures as external
elaboration likelihood model
how nonverbal cues can influence the behavior of individiuals
Theory of the social self: George Mead
social rather than biological factors influence indentity formation
Periphery nations export
resources
Core nations export
goods
Experimental design
researcher manipulates independent variables to measure their effect on dependent variables
Social network anatysis
maps connections between people
Secularization
reduced power of religion as religious involvent declines
Modernization (religion)
reduced importance of religion as society indistrilizes
Fundamentalism (religion)
renewed commitment to tradition religion as a reaction to secularization
power
ability to control and influence others
authority
whether others believe that the power is legitiamit
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language influences our perception and cognition
Differential association theory
deviance is learned through interactions with others engaging in deviance
Labelling theory
individuals are labeled as deviant, they will confirm the label by acting deviant
Strain theory
deviant behavior results from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goals
Hawthorne effect
behave differently as a result of knowing that they are being observed
Social epidemiology
focuses on the effect of social factors on individuals and population health
Malthusian theory
population growth increases exponentiallly while resources increase at a slower rate
Mixed methods deisgn
integrates both quanititative and qualitative approaches
Somantic symptom disorder
bodily symotoms causing distress
