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MCAT FACTS > B/B > Flashcards

B/B Flashcards

1
Q

What are restriciton enzymes used for

A

cut dsDNA at specific points

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2
Q

restriction enzymes requirements

A

palindromic sequence

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3
Q

palindromic sequence

A

A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on the complementary strand.

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4
Q

Endonucleases

A

break up the phosphodiester bond in the middle of DNA –> restriction enzymes

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5
Q

Exonucleases

A

cleave phosphosiester bonds at the ends of a DNA strand

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6
Q

Acyltransferase

A

transfer acyl chains

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7
Q

Kinase

A

tranfer phosphate groups

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8
Q

restriction enzymes cleavage types

A

sticky ends and blunt ends

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9
Q

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

A

refer to the different lengths of nucleotides following restriction enzyme digestion

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10
Q

origin of restriction enzymes

A

bacteria use restriction enzyme to protect against foreign genetic material

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11
Q

What type of reaction is peptide bond formation

A

condensation

produces H2O as a byproduct

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12
Q

rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

uncompetitive inhibititors affect of Km and Vmax

A

reduced, reduced

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14
Q

mixed inhibitors affect on Km and Vmax

A

Km may increase or decrease

Vmax reduces

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15
Q

noncompetitive binding

A

allosteric and active site

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16
Q

mixed binding

A

allosteric and active site

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17
Q

competitive binding

A

active site

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18
Q

inhibitor in an unchanged ratio of Vmax/Km

A

uncompetitive

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19
Q

breakdown of glycogen to monomeric form

A

glycogen phosphoylase

glycogen to glucose

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20
Q

Amylose branching

A

is not branched

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21
Q

amylopectin branching

A

is branched

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22
Q

how branching affects release of monomers

A

easier

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23
Q

bond that makes up cellulose

A

beta-1,4-glycosidic bond

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24
Q

starch in plants

A

storage for glucose

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25
Q

glycogen in humans

A

storage for glucose

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26
Q

cellular amino acids at physiological pH

= carboxylic acid group
= amino group

A

amino group is protonated

COOH is deprotonated

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27
Q

Proline in alpha helix and beta sheets

A

helps in formation of alpha helices as well as hairpin loops between beta sheets

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28
Q

Disulphide linkages affect what structures

A

tertiary and quantanary

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29
Q

Rate law of SN1 reaction

A

Rate=k[substrate]

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30
Q

Rate law of SN2 reaction

A

Rate=k[substrate][Nucleophile]

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31
Q

aliphatic

A

alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and valine

non-polar and hydrophobic

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32
Q

ATP and GTP required for the polymerization of Amino acids

A

1 ATP 2 GTP

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33
Q

glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme

A

PFK

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34
Q

gluconeogenesis rate-limiting enzyme

A

F-1,6-BPhosphatase

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35
Q

glycogenolysis rate-limiting enzyme

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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36
Q

glycogenesis rate-limiting enzyme

A

glycogen synthase

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37
Q

HMP rate-limiting enzyme

A

G6PDehydrogenase

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38
Q

TCA rate-limiting enzyme

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

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39
Q

ETC rate-limiting enzyme

A

cytochrome oxidase

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40
Q

Beta Oxidartion rate-limiting enzyme

A

arnitine acyltransferase

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41
Q

FA synthesis rate-limiting enzyme

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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42
Q

cholesterol rate-limiting enzyme

A

HMG-CoA Reductase

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43
Q

only AA which has an R configuration

A

Cysteine

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44
Q

probability of gene expression if present

A

Penetrance

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45
Q

how much a geneotype is expressed as phenotype

A

Expressivity

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46
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A

OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

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47
Q

Freud psychosexual stages

A

Old Ass Parrots Love Grapes - oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latent (6-puberty), genital (puberty +)

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48
Q

Maslow Hierarchy

A

Please (physiological) Stop (safety) Buying (belonging/love) Stupid (self esteem) Shit (self-actualization)

49
Q

Cognitive abilities that decrease with age:

A

DERP - divided attn, episodic memory (events, experiences), recall, processing speed

50
Q

Limbic System

A

HIPPO HAT - hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus

51
Q

TCA intermed

A

Prostitutes (pyruvate) Ask (acetyl-CoA), Can (Citrate), I (isocitrate) Keep (a-ketoglut) Selling (Succinyl-CoA) Sex (succinate) For (fumarate) Money (malate) Officer (oxaloacetate)?

52
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent

53
Q

Motor

A

Efferent

54
Q

Dorsal

A

Afferent

55
Q

Ventral

A

Efferent

56
Q

White matter

A

white = myelinated and is on the inside of the brain/outside of the spinal cord

57
Q

Grey matter

A

grey is on the outside of the brain and inside of the spinal cord

58
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

Na Na Na get out (3 Na+ out), ok ok come in (2 K+ in) - overall net positive charge sent out keeps membrane polarized

59
Q

Corticosteroids

made in

function

A

(all made in adrenal cortex) salt, sex, sugar

60
Q

adrenal cortex is made from

A

mesoderm

61
Q

adrenal medulla is made from

A

ectoderm

62
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Risidual Volume + Vital Capacity

63
Q

primary oocyte arrests in

A

Pro 1

64
Q

secondary oocyte arrests in

A

meta ii

65
Q

sperm pathway

A

SEVEN UP

66
Q

The power stroke occurs via

A

the release of ADP + Pi NOT via the addition of ATP

67
Q

ORGANIC Solvents polarity

A

hydrophobic

68
Q

Mercapto effect on protein

A

Breakdown Hydrogen Bonds

69
Q

Salinity effect on protein

A

Breakdown 3+4 ionic + Intermolecular Hydrogen bonds = electrostatic interxn

70
Q

pH effect on protein

A

Breakdown Disulfide covalent bonds

71
Q

Heat effect on protein

A

Breakdown everything

72
Q

UREA effect on protein

A

Breakdown all bonds

73
Q

Waves of increasing frequency

A

Real (radio) Men (microwave) Inject (IR) Viagra (Visible) Until (UV) Xplosive (Xray) Growth (Gamma)

74
Q

Hyperopia

A

Converging lens Farsighted Behind retina

75
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted in Front of retina

76
Q

Glycolysis intermediates:

A

Goodness Gracious Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins to Prepare Pie:

Glucose

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate

77
Q

Glycolysis enzymes:

A

High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every Place:

Hexokinase

Phosphoglucose isomerase

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Aldase A

Triose phosphate isomerase

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Enolase

Pyruvate kinase

78
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenation Complex (PDC)

A

TLC? Fuck No.

E1: TPP

E2: Lipoic Acid and Coenzyme A

E3: FAD and NAD+

79
Q

TCA cycle intermediates:

A

Citrate Is Krebs’ Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate:

Citrate

Isocitrate

alpha-Ketoglutarate

Succinyl-CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

80
Q

TCA cycle Enzymes:

A

CAIK Sounds So Fucking Mint:

Citrate synthase

Aconitase

Iso-citrate dehydrogenase

Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinyl-coA synthetase

Succinate dehydrogenase

Fumerase

Malate dehydrogenase

81
Q

S — Southern blot

A

D — DNA

82
Q

N — Northern blot

A

R — RNA

83
Q

W — Western blot

A

P — Protein

84
Q

James-Lange

A

Stimulus -> Physiological Response -> Interpretation -> Emotion
“I’m horny because I’m hard”

85
Q

Cannon-Bard:

A

Stimulus -> Physiological response and emotion

“I’m hard and I’m horny”

86
Q

Schacter-Singer:

A

Stimulus -> Physiological response -> Analysis -> Emotion

“Why am I hard? (Analysis about what the physiological response means) Oh, I’m with bae”

87
Q

Lazarus

A

Stimulus -> Interpretation -> Emotion and Physiological response

88
Q

Piaget stages of development

A

Stupid Penguins Can’t Fly

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal operational

89
Q

PI of Neutral Amino Acid

A

(PKa NH group + PKa COOH group)/2

90
Q

PI of Acidic Amino Acid:

A

(PKa R group + PKa COOH group)/2

91
Q

PI of Basic Amino Acid:

A

(PKa R group + PKa NH group)/2

92
Q

pI of charged amino acids

A

DEHKR

with H in the middle at 8

93
Q

Pyrimidines

A

CUT Pye: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine are Pyramidines

94
Q

Purines

A

Pure As Gold: Guanine and Adenine are Purines

95
Q

strong acids

A

H2SO4

HBr

HI

HNO3

HCl, HClO4

96
Q

Mnemonic for structure of important monosaccharides:

A

First, put your thumb up and curl your fingers in to represent the =O and -OH groups.

F**k Glucose and Fructose (middle finger out)

Marry Galactose (ring finger out)

Kill Mannose (pointer & middle fingers out)

97
Q

Insulin affect on glycolysis

A

activates PFK-2 to build up enough F2,6BP to activate PFK-1.

98
Q

Strong bases

A

NaOH, Na2O, CaOH, CaO,

99
Q

Kinase

A

ADDs P to molecule from ATP

100
Q

Phosphorylase

A

ADDs inorganic P to molecule

101
Q

Phosphatase

A

REMOVES P using hydrolysis

102
Q

beta -

A

increase in ATOMIC NUMBER

103
Q

beta+

A

decrease in ATOMIC NUMBER

104
Q

Personality disorders A

A

weird

105
Q

Personality disorders B

A

wild

106
Q

Personality disorders C

A

worried

  • aviodant, OCD, dependent
107
Q

electrochemical cell reduction and oxidation

A

he RED CAT (reduction at cathode) at AN OX (oxidation at anode).

108
Q

What is made is a phosphate pathway (2)

A

NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

109
Q

cholesterol/steroid hormones units

A

isoprene

110
Q

Stimulates ovulation

A

LH

111
Q

Raises in LUTEAL phase

A

progestrone alot

estrogen

112
Q

carbons in citrate

A

6

113
Q

carbons in isocitrate

A

6

114
Q

carbons in a-ketogluarate

A

5

115
Q

carbons in succinyl-Coa

A

4

116
Q

Mneomic for pKa of Amino acids

A

Don’t Express Hate, Create Your Kindness Right

3.7, 4.3, 6, 8, 10, 10.5, 12

(D: aspartic acid, E: glutamic acid, H: histidine, C: cysteine, Y: tyrosine, K: lysine, R: arginine)

117
Q

carboxy-terminal has a pKa of

A

2

118
Q

amino has a pKa of

A

9-10

MCAT FACTS (3 decks)

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