P/S

Question 1

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 1

human cognition is affected by language

Question 2

Erik Erikson stages

Answer 2

Mistrust vs trust (0-1) Shame vs autonomy (1-3) Guilt vs initiative (3-6) Industry vs inferiority (6-12) Role confusion vs identity (12-18) Intimacy vs isolation (18-35) Stagnation vs generativity (35-60) Despair vs integrity (65+) my sexy girl in red is sucking dick

Question 3

Psychosexual stages

Answer 3

Oral (0-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latency (6-12) Genital old ass parrots love grapes

Question 4

top-down processing

Answer 4

(conceptually-driven) processing: recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. Faster, but more prone to mistakes

Question 5

bottom-up processing

Answer 5

(data-driven) processing: recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. Slower, but less prone to mistakes

Question 6

schizoid personality disorder

Answer 6

aloof, loners, withdraw

Question 7

reflexes in babies

Answer 7

stepping reflex: involves putting foot in front of other. goes away at 8 weeks, resurfaces months later

moro reflex: startle, present from birth to 4 months

babinski reflex: fanning out toes in response to stroke (dissappears by 12-24 m)

rooting: infant turns heat and rooting with its mouth in response to touch on cheek/lips (birth to 4 m)

Question 8

solomon asch

Answer 8

conformity (lines)

Question 9

milgram and zimbardo

Answer 9

obedience and authority

Question 10

festinger and carlsmith

Answer 10

cognitive dissonance

Question 11

rob cialdini

Answer 11

work on norm violations

Question 12

how to deal with cognitive dissonance

Answer 12

Modifying our cognitions by adjust our beliefs to match what we have done. E.g. a smoker stops smoking. Trivialize - make the belief less important. E.g. evidence is weak that smoking is bad. Adding in more cognitions to make contractions more comfortable. E.g. smoking suppresses my appetite → not going to be obese → so it’s good for me. Changing our cognitions by rationalizing or denying; E.g. health risks can be reduced smoking filtered cigs. E.g. no evidence that cancer and smoking are related.

Question 13

shadowing task

Answer 13

patient given headphones, they are told to focus on the information in one ear (attended channel) and ignore information coming in the other ear (unattended channel.) Shadowing: repeating anything presented to the attended ear immediately.

Question 14

distal stimuli

Answer 14

originating outside the body

Question 15

proximal stimuli

Answer 15

registered by sensory receptors (i.e. light on retina)

Question 16

flashbulb memory

Answer 16

Brown and Kulik (1977) coined the term “flashbulb memory” when they found that people claimed to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event

Question 17

Kohlberg Moral Development

Answer 17

focused on how moral cognitive development occurred → 3 levels each with 2 phases. 1 = pre-conventional → child’s morality is externally controlled, haven’t internalized what society thinks is right vs wrong → care about consequences of actions only and blindly obey rules parents tell them. 2 = conventional → forms in early adolescence → morality ties to personal and societal relationships → continue to obey rules in order to keep positive social relationships 3 = post-conventional → more abstract and personalized → people realize the world isn’t just and they don’t have to follow rules if it’s against their own principles. They think rules are useful but changeable.

Question 18

incentive theory

Answer 18

motivation is primarily influenced by extrinsic factors → people are more motivate to do activities if they receive a reward after it. -calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior

Question 19

intersectionality

Answer 19

how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation

Question 20

looking glass self

Answer 20

self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us.

Question 21

place theory

Answer 21

ne is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.

Question 22

priming

Answer 22

prior activation of nodes and associations influences the outcome of a behavior in the future. E.g. shown several red items and then asked to name a fruit. This is implicit. Negative priming; prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. Positive priming; prior exposure of a stimulus favorably influences the response to the same stimulus.

Question 23

neuroleptics

Answer 23

first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.

Question 24

exchange theory

Answer 24

addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses

Question 25

impression management

Answer 25

influence our own image portrayed to people by influencing their perception. Goal; want to be accepted or for people to see us in a certain way. Assertive strategies of impression management; using active behaviors to shape our self-presentation. E.g. using flashy symbols. Defensive strategies; avoidance of self-handicapping. Self-handicapping; people create obstacles in order to allow others to attribute our failures to external factors rather than internal factors.

Question 26

constructionist understanding of gender

Answer 26

gender as dynamic, fluid, and subject to the processes of meaning-making and collective definition building.

Question 27

Mead’s I and Me components of the Self

Answer 27

me: socialized and conforming aspect of self how we believe the generalized other perceives us I: the spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self

Question 28

McDonalidization

Answer 28

increasing efficiency , calculability, uniformity, and technological control i.e. - customer cleaning table and throwing away waste - coffee chain conforming to same design - self-scan at store

Question 29

eidetic

Answer 29

ability to recall an image from memory with high precision for a brief period after seeing it only once

Question 30

3 main components of SES

Answer 30

occupation, income, education

Question 31

how would conflict theorist look at religion

Answer 31

focus on social control and social inequality

Question 32

self-verification

Answer 32

tendency to seek out (and agree with) info that is consistent with ones self-concept

Question 33

discriminating stimuli

Answer 33

thing used to get certain response, whether it be reward or punishment

Question 34

external vs extrinsic motivation

Answer 34

Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.

Question 35

Rogers’s concept of incongruence

Answer 35

gap btw actual and idealized self

Question 36

base rate fallacy

Answer 36

the error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events

Question 37

hindsight bias

Answer 37

” i knew it all along” tendency for a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome

Question 38

observer bias

Answer 38

Any bias on the part of the observers recording the data could have contaminated the original results

Question 39

glass elevator concept

Answer 39

suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women (such as teaching or nursing) will quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions

Question 40

availability heuristic

Answer 40

tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.

Question 41

labelling theory

Answer 41

people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category

Question 42

semantic vs episodic memory

Answer 42

Semantic memory is knowing factual info. So this is the info that you learn from reading books, watching docs, etc. (ex. Paris is the capital of France) Episodic memory is autobiographical memory for info of personal importance. So this depends on an individual’s experiences. (ex. I climbed up the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France) Both semantic memory and episodic memory fall under the category of explicit memory, which is a type of long-term memory that requires conscious recall

Question 43

overextension

Answer 43

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).

Question 44

naming explosion

Answer 44

at around 18 mths, kids experience this during which they learn new words more rapidly

Question 45

categorical perception

Answer 45

subtle differences btw speech sounds represents a change in meaning or not. pronounciation varies btw ppl

Question 46

bootstrapping

Answer 46

initial stages of grammatical development. children learn syntax of language by first learning and recognizing elements and building upon them

Question 47

shaping

Answer 47

reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.

Question 48

personality disorder types (A,B,C)

Answer 48

A: odd, eccentric, weird. paranoid, schizoid

B: dramatic, emotional, erratic. antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

C: anxious, fearful, worried. avoidant, dependent, OCD

Question 49

group polarization vs group think

Answer 49

polarization: tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than indivdual thoughts think: tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside bias

Question 50

techniques for gaining compliance

Answer 50

foot in the door: small request is make, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

door in the face: large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made

lowball: requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of commitment

that’s not all: individual is made an offer, but before making decision, told the deal is even better

Question 51

Correspondent inference theory

Answer 51

attributions made by observing intentional (especially unexpected behaviours) performed by another person

Question 52

functionalism

Answer 52

focus on fxn and relationship of each component of society manifest and latent functions emile durkeheim macro

Question 53

conflict theory

Answer 53

focus on how power differentials are created, how distributed, how they maintain order macro karl marx and max weber

Question 54

social constructionism

Answer 54

how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given reality Both macro and micro

Question 55

symbolic interactionism

Answer 55

symbols are made based off relationships between indv’s. George Mead (guy who made I, Me, and generalized other) micro

Question 56

incidence vs prevalence

Answer 56