P/S Flashcards
linguistic relativity hypothesis
human cognition is affected by language
Erik Erikson stages
Mistrust vs trust (0-1) Shame vs autonomy (1-3) Guilt vs initiative (3-6) Industry vs inferiority (6-12) Role confusion vs identity (12-18) Intimacy vs isolation (18-35) Stagnation vs generativity (35-60) Despair vs integrity (65+) my sexy girl in red is sucking dick
Psychosexual stages
Oral (0-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latency (6-12) Genital old ass parrots love grapes
top-down processing
(conceptually-driven) processing: recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. Faster, but more prone to mistakes
bottom-up processing
(data-driven) processing: recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. Slower, but less prone to mistakes
schizoid personality disorder
aloof, loners, withdraw
reflexes in babies
stepping reflex: involves putting foot in front of other. goes away at 8 weeks, resurfaces months later
moro reflex: startle, present from birth to 4 months
babinski reflex: fanning out toes in response to stroke (dissappears by 12-24 m)
rooting: infant turns heat and rooting with its mouth in response to touch on cheek/lips (birth to 4 m)
solomon asch
conformity (lines)
milgram and zimbardo
obedience and authority
festinger and carlsmith
cognitive dissonance
rob cialdini
work on norm violations
how to deal with cognitive dissonance
Modifying our cognitions by adjust our beliefs to match what we have done. E.g. a smoker stops smoking. Trivialize - make the belief less important. E.g. evidence is weak that smoking is bad. Adding in more cognitions to make contractions more comfortable. E.g. smoking suppresses my appetite → not going to be obese → so it’s good for me. Changing our cognitions by rationalizing or denying; E.g. health risks can be reduced smoking filtered cigs. E.g. no evidence that cancer and smoking are related.
shadowing task
patient given headphones, they are told to focus on the information in one ear (attended channel) and ignore information coming in the other ear (unattended channel.) Shadowing: repeating anything presented to the attended ear immediately.
distal stimuli
originating outside the body
proximal stimuli
registered by sensory receptors (i.e. light on retina)
flashbulb memory
Brown and Kulik (1977) coined the term “flashbulb memory” when they found that people claimed to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event
Kohlberg Moral Development
focused on how moral cognitive development occurred → 3 levels each with 2 phases. 1 = pre-conventional → child’s morality is externally controlled, haven’t internalized what society thinks is right vs wrong → care about consequences of actions only and blindly obey rules parents tell them. 2 = conventional → forms in early adolescence → morality ties to personal and societal relationships → continue to obey rules in order to keep positive social relationships 3 = post-conventional → more abstract and personalized → people realize the world isn’t just and they don’t have to follow rules if it’s against their own principles. They think rules are useful but changeable.
incentive theory
motivation is primarily influenced by extrinsic factors → people are more motivate to do activities if they receive a reward after it. -calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior
intersectionality
how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation
looking glass self
self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us.
place theory
ne is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.
priming
prior activation of nodes and associations influences the outcome of a behavior in the future. E.g. shown several red items and then asked to name a fruit. This is implicit. Negative priming; prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. Positive priming; prior exposure of a stimulus favorably influences the response to the same stimulus.
neuroleptics
first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.
exchange theory
addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses
impression management
influence our own image portrayed to people by influencing their perception. Goal; want to be accepted or for people to see us in a certain way. Assertive strategies of impression management; using active behaviors to shape our self-presentation. E.g. using flashy symbols. Defensive strategies; avoidance of self-handicapping. Self-handicapping; people create obstacles in order to allow others to attribute our failures to external factors rather than internal factors.
constructionist understanding of gender
gender as dynamic, fluid, and subject to the processes of meaning-making and collective definition building.
Mead’s I and Me components of the Self
me: socialized and conforming aspect of self how we believe the generalized other perceives us I: the spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self
McDonalidization
increasing efficiency , calculability, uniformity, and technological control i.e. - customer cleaning table and throwing away waste - coffee chain conforming to same design - self-scan at store
eidetic
ability to recall an image from memory with high precision for a brief period after seeing it only once
3 main components of SES
occupation, income, education
how would conflict theorist look at religion
focus on social control and social inequality
self-verification
tendency to seek out (and agree with) info that is consistent with ones self-concept
discriminating stimuli
thing used to get certain response, whether it be reward or punishment
external vs extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.
Rogers’s concept of incongruence
gap btw actual and idealized self
base rate fallacy
the error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events
hindsight bias
” i knew it all along” tendency for a person to overestimate how well he or she could have successfully predicted a known outcome
observer bias
Any bias on the part of the observers recording the data could have contaminated the original results
glass elevator concept
suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women (such as teaching or nursing) will quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions
availability heuristic
tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.
labelling theory
people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category
semantic vs episodic memory
Semantic memory is knowing factual info. So this is the info that you learn from reading books, watching docs, etc. (ex. Paris is the capital of France) Episodic memory is autobiographical memory for info of personal importance. So this depends on an individual’s experiences. (ex. I climbed up the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France) Both semantic memory and episodic memory fall under the category of explicit memory, which is a type of long-term memory that requires conscious recall
overextension
applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).
naming explosion
at around 18 mths, kids experience this during which they learn new words more rapidly
categorical perception
subtle differences btw speech sounds represents a change in meaning or not. pronounciation varies btw ppl
bootstrapping
initial stages of grammatical development. children learn syntax of language by first learning and recognizing elements and building upon them
shaping
reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.
personality disorder types (A,B,C)
A: odd, eccentric, weird. paranoid, schizoid
B: dramatic, emotional, erratic. antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
C: anxious, fearful, worried. avoidant, dependent, OCD
group polarization vs group think
polarization: tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than indivdual thoughts think: tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside bias
techniques for gaining compliance
foot in the door: small request is make, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made
door in the face: large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made
lowball: requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of commitment
that’s not all: individual is made an offer, but before making decision, told the deal is even better
Correspondent inference theory
attributions made by observing intentional (especially unexpected behaviours) performed by another person
functionalism
focus on fxn and relationship of each component of society manifest and latent functions emile durkeheim macro
conflict theory
focus on how power differentials are created, how distributed, how they maintain order macro karl marx and max weber
social constructionism
how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given reality Both macro and micro
symbolic interactionism
symbols are made based off relationships between indv’s. George Mead (guy who made I, Me, and generalized other) micro
incidence vs prevalence
