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Clinical Chemistry 2 (CC2) > (P) Lec 2: Vitamins (Part 2) > Flashcards

(P) Lec 2: Vitamins (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins are:
1. (Organic/Inorganic) molecules
2. (Cofactors/Coenzymes) for many reactions
3. (Essential/Non-essential), meaning they are supplied by the diet as they cannot be synthesized in the body

A
  1. Organic
  2. Cofactors
  3. Essential
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2
Q

TOF: Some bacteria can synthesize vitamins

A

True

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3
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

Defined as the inadequate intestinal absorption and activity levels of the vitamins

A

Vitamin Deficiency

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5
Q

What 2 terms are also related to inadequate absorption and decreased intake of vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin insufficiency
  2. Vitamin dependency
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6
Q

A condition wherein there is abnormal increased metabolism of vitamins requiring a high supply of it

Note: Can also be caused by inadequate intake and absorption of vitamins

A

Dietary deficiency

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7
Q

Dietary deficiency is also known as?

A

Hypovitaminosis

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8
Q

Vitamins are required in what amount only?

A

Trace amounts

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9
Q

In the past, what was believed to prevent scurvy and rickets?

Note: 2 answers

A
  1. Scurvy (Vit. C deficiency) - Lime juice
  2. Rickets (Vit. D deficiency) - Cod liver oil
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10
Q
  • These vitamins are soluble in lipids but not in aqueous solutions
  • They are not secreted but rather stored in the body
A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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11
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • Obtained from meats and beta-carotenes in plants
  • Important for vision, growth and health of skin and mucous membranes, and the development of teeth, soft, and skeletal tissue
A

Vitamin A

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12
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • This is stored in the liver and is transported and complexed to RBP and transerythrin
  • A deficiency of this can lead to nyctalopia (night blindness) and later on total blindness caused by malabsorption, impaired liver function, and protein malnutrition
A

Vitamin A

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13
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • The hypervitaminosis state of this can lead to liver damage
  • The recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 900 ug/male and 700 ug/female
  • Measurement is done through retinol measurement using HPLC
A

Vitamin A

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14
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Beta-carotenes (pro vitamin A) are converted by the liver enzymes into what?

A

Retinol

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15
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Retinol is oxidized in the rods of the eye to form what chemical that allows for dim-light vision?

A

Rhodopsin

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16
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What are the 2 transport proteins of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Retinol-binding protein (RBP)
  2. Transerythrin
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17
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

In cases of Vitamin A hypervitaminosis, this can be measured to check for toxicity using the HPLC method

A

Retinyl ester

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18
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A Compounds (match with their functions):
1. Antioxidant
2. Steroid hormone (for growth and differentiation)
3. Visual cycle
4. Glycoprotein synthesis
5. The final product (steroid hormone)

A. Retinyl phosphate
B. B-carotene
C. Retinoic acid
D. Retinol
E. Retinal

A
  1. (B) B-carotene
  2. (D) Retinol
  3. (E) Retinal
  4. (A) Retinyl phosphate
  5. (C) Retinoic acid
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19
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • Is synthesized in skin exposed to sunlight (cholecalciferol from 7-dehydrocholesterol)
  • It requires bile for its absorption in the GIT and is stored in the liver
  • Obtained from irradiated foods and commercially prepared milk
A

Vitamin D

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20
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What are the 2 major forms of Vitamin D?

A
  1. Ergocalciferol
  2. Cholecalciferol
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21
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What is the most active metabolite of vitamin D?

A

1,25 (OH)2 D3 (calcitriol)

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22
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • This is important for the intestinal absorption of calcium and PO4
  • It stimulates the bone to increase mobilization of calcium and PO4
  • Important for the proapoptic effect
A

Vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

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23
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • The recommended daily amount is 15-20 ug/day
  • A deficiency of this can result in a failure to calcify cartilage at the growth plate leading to rickets in infants and osteomalacia in adults (demineralization of bone matrix)
  • Is measured through RIA or HPLC in conjunction with competitive protein binding
A

Vitamin D

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24
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Elevated levels of this vitamin can be seen in:
- Hyperparathyroidism and hypophosphatemia
- Pregnancy

A

Vitamin D

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25
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Elevated levels of this vitamin can lead to:
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalciuria
- Irreversible renal and cardiac damage

A

Vitamin D

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26
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What are the 2 forms of vitamin D most commonly measured?

A
  1. 25 (OH) D3 (calcidiol)
  2. 1,25 (OH)2 D3 (calcitriol)
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27
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • An antioxidant in cells that prevents the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
  • It protects the erythrocyte membrane from oxidative stress
  • Is absorbed in the jejunum, stored in the liver and tissues, and excreted in the feces
A

Vitamin E

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28
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • Can be obtained from green vegetables, vegetable oil, egg yolk, bread, dairy products, peas, and beans
  • A defense against harmful oxidation that causes disease and aging (e.g. Myra)
A

Vitamin E

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29
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • A deficiency of this may result to hemolytic anemia, RBC fragility, and ataxia
  • Its deficiency can be caused by low intake of vegetable oil or other unsaturated fats and fat malabsorption due to CF or abetalipoproteinemia
  • Infants with chronic cholestasis along with a deficiency of this vitamin can have neurologic function loss
A

Vitamin E

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30
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • High doses of this have no known intoxication (the higher, the better)
  • The recommended daily amount is 15 mg/d
  • Is measured through the measurement of alpha-tocopherol using HPLC
A

Vitamin E

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31
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

This is considered as the most potent isomer of Vitamin E

A

Tocopherol (alpha-tocopherol)

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32
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • This is essential for the synthesis of zymogens for blood clotting
  • Important for vitamin-dependent factors such as factor 2, 7, 9, 10, and protein C and S
A

Vitamin K

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33
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • The dietary form is absorbed in the ileum while 50% of it can come from intestinal bacteria
  • Obtained from green fruits and vegetables, tomatoes, soy, beef, liver, yolks, wheat, and pork
A

Vitamin K

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34
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • The adequate intake is 120 ug/d for males and 90 ug/d for females
  • Its deficiency may be caused by antibiotic therapy or antagonists such as Warfarin and Coumadin
A

Vitamin K

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35
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

  • Large doses of this are not common however in newborns, it could result to hyperbilirubinemia
  • PT and PTT are available to measure the clotting factor activities of the body
A

Vitamin K

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36
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to what?

A

Hemmorhagic loss

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37
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

TOF: Vitamin E is absorbed in the ileum

A

False (jejunum)

Note: It is Vitamin K that is absorbed in the ileum

38
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

In vitamin D, cholecalciferol is produced from what substance upon sunlight exposure?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

39
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

In Vitamin D deficiency, which condition is common in infants and which is for aduts?

Note: 2 answers

A
  1. Infants - rickets
  2. Adults - osteomalacia
40
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What form of vitamin D is this?
1, 25 (OH) D3

A

Calcitriol

41
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

What form of vitamin D is this?
25 (OH)2 D3

42
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K originated from what German word?

A

Koagulation

43
Q
  • These are soluble in aqueous solutions and are used as cofactors by many enzymes
  • These are not stored in the body but rather excreted through the urine
A

Water-soluble vitamins

44
Q

Toxic accumulation is less likely in water or fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Water (because it is excreted in the urine)

45
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • This is the first vitamin B variant identified
  • Part of the coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
  • Absorbed in the intestines and excreted in urine
A

Thiamine (Vit. B1)

46
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • A chronic deficiency of it may result to beriberi (both wet and dry)
  • Deficiencies may be due to chronic alcoholism, decreased intake, impaired absorption, and increased release in urine
A

Thiamine (Vit. B1)

47
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme that aids in the decarboxylation of what acids?

A

Alpha-keto Carboxylic Acids

48
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Symptoms of Wet or Dry Beriberi (Vit. B1 deficiency)?

Emaciation, wrist drop, and aphonia

49
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Symptoms of Wet or Dry Beriberi (Vit. B1 deficiency)?

Dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, Wernicke’s syndrome, and ophthalmoplegia

50
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Made of the sugar alcohols, ribitol and flavin
  • It works with other B vitamins to promote healthy growth and tissue repair
  • Helps release energy from carbohydrates
A

Riboflavin (Vit. B2)

51
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

These 2 coenzymes that contain riboflavin (vit. B2) are important for redox reactions in the body, what are those?

A
  1. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  2. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
52
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • This is important for healthy RBC production
  • The recommended daily amount is 1.7mg
  • Is absorbed in the small intestine and excreted in urine
  • Deficiency may be due to other nutritional deficiencies, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, and malnutrition
A

Riboflavin (Vit. B2)

53
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Important for the maintenance of healthy brain function, RBC formation, protein breakdown, and antibody synthesis
  • Is needed for amino acids and protein metabolism
A

Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)

54
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

What are the 3 forms of Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)?

A
  1. Pyridoxine
  2. Pyridoxal
  3. Pyridoxamine
55
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Among the 3 forms of Pyridoxine (Vit. B6), which are present in plants and which are in animals?

Note: 2 answers

A
  1. Plants - Pyridoxine
  2. Animals - Pyridoxal and Pyridoxamine
56
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • This is a cofactor and can be obtained in meat, poultry, fish, potatoes, vegetables, and dairy products
  • The recommended daily amount is 2mg (adults)
  • Is absorbed in the intestine and excreted in urine as metabolites
A

Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)

57
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Deficiencies are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia
  • High doses could result to peripheral neuropathy which are caused by increased intake of protein
A

Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)

58
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • The generic name for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
  • Part of NAD and NADP
  • Absorbed in the intestine and excreted in urine as metabolites
A

Niacin (Vit. B3)

59
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

This dietary amino acid is the one converted into niacin

A

Tryptophan

60
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Deficiency of this can result to Pellagra-dermatitis, muscle fatigue, diarrhea, loss of appetite, Cassal’s necklace, and dementia
  • Deficiencies may be caused by chronic alcoholism and a corn and molasses diet (it decreases tryptophan)
  • Can be found in meats, rice, and whole grains
A

Niacin (Vit. B3)

61
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Is converted into 4-phosphopantetheine that binds either a serum acyl carrier or coenzyme A
  • Needed for energy production and synthesis of glucose and cholesterol
  • Can be found in whole grains, vegetables, eggs, liver, heart, yeast, and muhsrooms
A

Pantothenic Acid (Vit. B5)

62
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Pantothenic acid came from the Greek word “pantos” which means what?

A

Everywhere

63
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Serves as a coenzyme for enzymes that transport carboxyl units in tissue
  • Plays an integral role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis
64
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • This is synthesized in the gut by the bacteria present there
  • Its deficiency may be a result of ingestion of large amounts of avidin

Note: Its deficiency is noted for patients receiving long term parenteral nutrition and infants with genetic defects of carboxylase and biotinidase enzymes

65
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

The deficiency of biotin is noted for patients receiving long term parenteral nutrition and infants with genetic defects of what 2 enzymes?

A

Carboxylase and Biotinidase

66
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Important for the formation and stabilization of collagen, hormone synthesis, infection resistance, and for cuts
  • It increases the absorption of iron in the upper small intestine
A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

67
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • A deficiency (hypovitaminosis) of this can lead to scurvy
  • It is characterized by hemorrhagic disorders, weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding and swollen gums, impaired wound healing, and loose teeth
A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

68
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Its hypervitaminosis state may be caused by an addiction to this vitamin or diarrhea
  • Can be found in citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, and sweet and white potatoes
A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

69
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • The assay for measurement uses 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
  • The recommended daily amount is 60mg
A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

70
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

What fruit has the highest level of vitamin C?

71
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • A coenzyme for hematopoiesis, fatty acid metabolism, and CNS maintenance
  • Absorption happens in the ileum with the help of intrinsic factors produced by the stomach’s parietal cells
A

Cobalamin (Vit. B12)

72
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Can be found in animal products (meat, egg, milk, poultry, and shellfish) since they have the process of intestinal microbial synthesis
  • Has a large group of cobalt-containing compounds
A

Cobalamin (Vit. B12)

73
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Its deficiency may result to pernicious or megaloblastic anemia due to a lack of the intrinsic factor and a neurologic disorder
A

Cobalamin (Vit. B12)

74
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

TOF: Vegetarians are more prone for Cobalamin (Vit. B12) hypervitaminosis

A

False (hypovitaminosis; it is sourced from meat)

75
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

What are the 3 forms of Cobalamin (Vit. B12)?

A
  1. Hydroxocobalamin
  2. Methylcobalamin
  3. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
76
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

What are the 2 active forms/cofactors of cobalamin (vit. B12)?

A
  1. Methylcobalamin
  2. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
77
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • A coenzyme in various one-carbon transfer reactions
  • Is absorbed in the jejunum
  • Is synthesized by bacteria in the intestine
78
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Can be sourced from green and leafy vegetables, fruits, organ meats, and yeast
  • Boiling vegetables could decrease the vitamin levels of this
79
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

  • Its deficiency may result to megaloblastic anemia caused by alcoholism, malabsorption syndrome, carcinoma, and liver disease
  • An increase of this during pregnancy could reduce the incidence of fetal neural tube defects
80
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

This is a drug that interferes with folate absorption which may result to decreased levels

A

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

81
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Biotin deficiency may be a result of ingestion of large amounts of what?

A

Avidin (a biotin-binding protein)

82
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

These 2 vitamins are synthesized by bacteria found in the intestines

A

Biotin and Folate

83
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Its coenzyme is Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

A

Vitamin B1

84
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Its coenzyme is Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)

A

Vitamin B2

85
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Its coenzyme is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

86
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Its coenzyme is either Serum Acyl Carrier or Coenzyme A

A

Vitamin B5

87
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Its coenzymes are those that transport carboxyl units in tissue

88
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

TOF: All water soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and stool

A

False (urine only)

89
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

What 2 sugar alcohols make up Riboflavin?

A

Ribitol and Flavin

90
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins

Pyridoxine (Vit. B6) deficiency is associated with what specific condition?

A

Hyperhomocysteinemia

Clinical Chemistry 2 (CC2) (18 decks)

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