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Clinical Chemistry 2 (CC2) > (P) Lec 1: Electrolytes > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1: Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes are:
1. (Organic/Inorganic) substances
2. Capable of (dissociating/ionizing) into ions
3. Compounds that (contain/do not contain) carbon
4. Able to form their own charges in (pure/ultrapure) water

A
  1. Inorganic
  2. Dissociating
  3. Contain
  4. Pure
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2
Q

What are the positive (+) and negative (-) charges called?

A

Cations (+) and Anions (-)

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3
Q

Enumerate the 5 medically important electrolytes in the body

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Chloride (Cl-)
  3. Potassium (K+)
  4. Calcium (Ca 2+)
  5. Magnesium (Mg 2+)
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4
Q

Which among the 5 medically important electrolytes in the body is the sole anion?

A

Chloride (review its placement in the periodic table; on the right)

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5
Q

Functions of Electrolytes

  1. Controls the ________ of water between fluid compartments
  2. Maintains the ___-___ balance
  3. Production of ________ potential
  4. ________ for enzymes
  5. Maintenance of electrical ________
A
  1. Osmosis
  2. Acid-base
  3. Action
  4. Cofactors
  5. Neutrality
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6
Q

What are the 2 body fluid compartments?

A

Extracellular and Intracellular

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7
Q

The Extracellular and Intracellular compartments are mainly maintained by what 2 electrolytes?

A

Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl)

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8
Q

What 2 electrolytes are involved in “chloride shifting” during acid-base balancing of the electrolytes?

A

Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-)

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9
Q

TOF: The body system is dependent on pOH

A

False (pH)

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10
Q

What 2 electrolytes are needed for the production of muscle action potentials?

A

Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca 2+)

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11
Q

This electrolyte plays an important role as a cofactor for enzymes; it works alongside zinc in trace elements and porphyrins

A

Magnesium (Mg 2+)

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12
Q

This body fluid has electrical neutrality (anions = cations)

Note: if too much, it would be released and if too little, it would be produced

A

Blood

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13
Q

Which 2 electrolytes have a 2+ charge?

A

Magnesium (Mg 2+) and Calcium (Ca 2+)

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14
Q

Identify the function from the given electrolyte/s

Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-)

A

Osmosis of water

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15
Q

Identify the function from the given electrolyte/s

Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-)

A

Acid-base balance

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16
Q

Identify the function from the given electrolyte/s

Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca 2+)

A

Production of action potential

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17
Q

Identify the function from the given electrolyte/s

Magnesium (2+) with Zinc

A

Enzyme cofactor

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18
Q

Refers to the difference between the cations and anions routinely measured in serum

A

Anion Gap

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19
Q

What 4 electrolytes are used in computing for the anion gap?

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Chloride (Cl-)
  4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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20
Q

Familiarize yourself with the 2 anion gap formulae

A
  1. [Na + K] - [Cl + HCO3]
  2. [Na] - [Cl + HCO3]

Note: The difference is between the absence and presence of K+

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21
Q

What is the normal value for the anion gap (in mmol/L)?

A

10 to 17 mmol/L

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22
Q

The anion gap (anions = cations) is significant for what?

A

Electrical neutrality

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23
Q

Increased or Decreased Anion Gap Result?

Uremia, ketosis, lactic acidosis, dehydration, ingestion of toxins, salicylates, and paraldehyde

A

Increased

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24
Q

Increased or Decreased Anion Gap Result?

Lithium toxicity, hypermagnesemia, multiple myeloma, polyclonal gammopathy, polymyxin B treatment, and hypoalbuminemia

A

Decreased

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25
Q

TOF: If the electrolyte result of an individual is abnormal but the anion gap is normal, the machine may have a problem

A

False (electrolyte is normal but anion gap is abnormal)

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26
Q

Once an individual accumulates an acidic anion, it may actually (increase/decrease) the anion gap

A

Increase

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27
Q

If the accumulated electrolytes are proteins with basic properties, it will (increase/decrease) the anion gap

A

Decrease

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28
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

The electrolyte exclusion effect is performed in what measurement of serum or plasma?

A

Water Phase Measurement

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29
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

For blood chemistry analysis, the blood should be (clotted/in liquid form) before centrifuging

A

Clotted

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30
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

What 3 layers are formed after centrifuging a blood sample?

A
  1. Plasma/serum
  2. Buffy coat
  3. Packed RBCs
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31
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

What aliquot is obtained and used from the centrifuged tube for this procedure?

A

Plasma/serum (the liquid portion)

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32
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

How much (in percentage) does the plasma/serum make up the blood sample in the tube?

A

60%

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33
Q

Electrolyte Exclusion

How much (in percent) of the plasma/serum is water?

Note: The water is what will be measured

A

98%

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34
Q
  • The most abundant EXTRACELLULAR CATION and electrolyte in general
  • Has an intracellular to extracellular ratio of 1:12
  • Functions as the principal osmotic pressure maintainer
A

Sodium (Na+)

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35
Q

What is the old name of Sodium?

A

Natrium

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36
Q

Sodium Regulation

  • This hormone is for water retention/absorption
  • If water is retained, sodium is also retained because sodium follows where water goes
  • Therefore, it increases sodium in the system as well
A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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37
Q

Sodium Regulation

  • This is for the reabsorption of sodium in the DCT of the kidney
  • It increases sodium value
A

Aldosterone

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38
Q

Sodium Regulation

  • A marker for congestive heart failure (CHF)
  • It is produced by the heart to promote natriuresis (sodium is excreted out of urine)
  • Therefore it decreases sodium levels
A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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39
Q

Sodium Regulation

Which among ADH, Aldosterone, and ANP increases sodium in the system?

A

ADH and Aldosterone

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40
Q

Sodium Regulation

Which among ADH, Aldosterone, and ANP decreases sodium in the system?

A

ANP only

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41
Q

Sodium Regulation

Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium in what part of the kidney?

A

DCT

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42
Q

Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia?

Overhydration, diuretic therapy, metabolic acidosis, Addison’s disease, and diarrhea

A

Hyponatremia

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43
Q

Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia?

Dehydration, Cushing’s syndrome, insulin therapy, profuse sweating, diarrhea, and diabetes insipidus

A

Hypernatremia

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44
Q

This is caused by sodium loss or high water intake

A

Hyponatremia

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45
Q

This is caused by low water intake/dehydration/ water depletions or too much intake of sodium

A

Hypernatremia

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46
Q

Sodium Measurement

What specimen is ideally used?

A

Serum (plasma can be used but for emergency cases only)

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47
Q

Sodium Measurement

If plasma is to be used in emergency cases, what anticoagulant must be used?

A

Heparin

Note: Avoid a tube that uses sodium salt as it will increase sodium

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48
Q

Sodium Measurement

TOF: A hemolyzed sample will increase sodium levels

A

False (decrease; pseudohyponatremia)

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49
Q

Sodium Measurement

Hemolysis and too much lipids and plasma proteins causes what condition?

A

Pseudohyponatremia

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50
Q

Sodium Measurement

  • This method selectively measures a specific ion
  • Uses a glass membrane electrode
  • May be direct or indirect
A

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

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51
Q

Sodium Measurement

The Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) for sodium uses what kind of electrode?

A

Glass Membrane Electrode

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52
Q

Sodium Measurement

In the Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) method, what technique requires no dilution (no pseudohyponatremia)?

A

Direct

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53
Q

Sodium Measurement

In the Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) method, what technique requires dilution (pseudohyponatremia is possible)?

A

Indirect

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54
Q

Sodium Measurement

  • This is a spectrophotometric method that uses flames as a light source
  • The sample, upon contact with the flame will produce its own color
A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES)

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55
Q

Sodium Measurement

In Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES), what flame color does sodium produce?

A

Yellow

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56
Q

Sodium Measurement

In this method, sodium forms a complex with the reagent to form sodium uranyl acetate

A

Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric

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57
Q

Sodium Measurement

What method in the Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric technique uses Zinc Uranyl Acetate?

A

Albanese-Lein Method

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58
Q

Sodium Measurement

What method in the Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric technique uses Magnesium Uranyl Acetate?

A

Maruna Trinder

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59
Q

Sodium Measurement

In both the Albanese-Lein Method and Maruna Trinder Method, sodium forms a complex with the reagent to produce what?

A

Sodium Uranyl Acetate

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60
Q

Sodium Measurement

This is the reference method wherein electrolytes are measured in their atomic forms

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

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61
Q
  • The most abundant INTRACELLULAR CATION important for maintaining the acid-base balance of the body
  • It is the most clinically significant and sensitive in terms of increasing value as it can lead to cardiac failure
A

Potassium (K+)

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62
Q

TOF: Potassium increases whenever there is cell lysis

A

True (because it is found INSIDE the cell; an intracellular electrolyte)

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63
Q
  • It has an intracellular to extracellular ratio of 25:1
  • It helps in nerve impulse transmission, action potential production, and is a major ion affecting cardiac cells
  • If imbalanced, it could lead to motor imbalances and skeletal/cardiac problems
A

Potassium (K+)

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64
Q
  • This hormone regulates potassium by excretion as it also promotes sodium reabsorption
  • When sodium gets reabsorbed, potassium gets excreted
A

Aldosterone

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65
Q

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia

Alkalosis and Insulin Therapy

A

Hypokalemia

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66
Q

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia

Acidosis, cell damage, and mineralocorticoid deficiency

A

Hyperkalemia

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67
Q

TOF: The increasing and decreasing value of potassium levels are caused by the shifting in position from extracellular going to intracellular

A

False (from intracellular going to extracellular)

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68
Q

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia

From the serum, it will enter the RBC

A

Hypokalemia

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69
Q

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia

From the RBC, it goes to the plasma

A

Hyperkalemia

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70
Q
  • This is aka pseudohyperkalemia, the false increase of potassium
  • The most collection-sensitive analyte
A

Artifactual Hyperkalemia

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71
Q

What is the number 1 reason for pseudohyperkalemia?

A

Collection (leads to hemolysis)

72
Q

Which among the ff. is not a cause for pseudohyperkalemia?
- Hemolysis
- Low platelet count
- Delayed separation
- Refrigeration

A

Low platelet count (should be high)

73
Q

Potassium Measurement

This uses a liquid ion exchange membrane incorporated with valinomycin

A

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

74
Q

Potassium Measurement

What color of flame does potassium emit using the Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES) Method?

A

Purple/Lilac

75
Q

Potassium Measurement

This method consists of Turbidimetric and Lockhead and Purcell sub-methods

A

Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric

76
Q

Potassium Measurement

  • In the colorimetric/spectrophotometric method, this sub-method uses sodium tetraphenyl boron
  • A positive result is the precipitation of potassium
A

Turbidimetric

77
Q

Potassium Measurement

In the turbidimetric method, what is the positive result after using sodium tetraphenyl boron?

A

Precipitation of potassium

78
Q

Potassium Measurement

In the turbidimetric method, what is the main component of the reagent?

A

Sodium tetraphenyl boron

79
Q

Potassium Measurement

  • In the colorimetric/spectrophotometric method, this sub-method uses sodium cobaltinitrite
  • A positive result is color red in the presence of potassium
A

Lockhead and Purcell

80
Q

Potassium Measurement

In the Lockhead and Purcell method, what is the positive result after using sodium cobaltinitrite?

A

Color red (in the presence of K+)

81
Q

Potassium Measurement

In the Lockhead and Purcell method, what is the main component of the reagent?

A

Sodium cobaltinitrite

82
Q

Potassium Measurement

What is the reference method?

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

83
Q
  • This is the most abundant EXTRACELLULAR ANION
  • It regulates osmotic pressure and water balance alongside sodium
  • Wherever sodium goes, water follows along with this electrolyte
A

Chloride (Cl-)

84
Q
  • An important function of chloride in maintaining the acid-base balance in RBCs
  • The RBC exchanges some of its hydrogen ions
A

Chloride Shifting

85
Q

Hypochloremia or Hyperchloremia?

Metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis

A

Hypochloremia

86
Q

Hypochloremia or Hyperchloremia?

Metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperchloremia

87
Q

Chloride Measurement

  • This uses the principle of Schales and Schales
  • An old colorimetric method where mercury reacts with chloride to form mercuric chloride
  • It is then titrated using diphenyl carbazon forming a blue-colored compound upon measurement
A

Mercumetric Titration

88
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Mercumetric Titration, what principle does it use?

A

Schales and Schales

89
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Mercumetric Titration, mercuric chloride is titrated using what?

A

Diphenyl Carbazon

90
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Mercumetric Titration, what is the end product’s color?

91
Q

Chloride Measurement

What are the 2 techniques involved in the mercuric thiocyanate method?

A
  1. Skegg’s modification
  2. Whitehorn titration technique
92
Q

Chloride Measurement

In the Mercuric Thiocyanate method:
- This technique allows mercuric thiocyanate to react with chloride forming mercuric chloride and thiocyanate (they separate)
- It is then treated with a ferric ion to produce ferric thiocyanate
- The end color is reddish-brown

A

Skegg’s Modification

93
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Skegg’s Modification of the Mercuric Thiocyanate Method, mercuric thiocyanate + chloride forms what?

A

Mercuric chloride and thiocyanate

94
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Skegg’s Modification of the Mercuric Thiocyanate Method, mercuric chloride and thiocyanate + ferric ion forms what?

A

Ferric Thiocyanate

95
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Skegg’s Modification of the Mercuric Thiocyanate Method, what is the color of the end product (ferric thiocyanate)?

A

Reddish brown

96
Q

Chloride Measurement

In the mercuric thiocyanate method, this is considered as the old methodology for measuring colorimetric methods

A

Whitehorn Titration Technique

97
Q

Chloride Measurement

This is the reference method

A

Colorimetric-Amperometric Titration

98
Q

Chloride Measurement

This technique in the colorimetric-amperometric titration method uses electrodes with silver ions which react with chloride to form a silver chloride precipitate

A

Cotlove Technique

99
Q

Chloride Measurement

  • This technique uses collected sweat using the Gilbson and Cooke principle
  • It is collected through pilocarpine iontophoresis which uses pilocarpine nitrate
A

Sweat Chloride Determination

100
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Sweat Chloride Determination, what principle is used?

A

Gilbson and Cooke

101
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Sweat Chloride Determination, how is the sample collected?

A

Pilocarpine iontophoresis

102
Q

Chloride Measurement

In Sweat Chloride Determination, what chemical is used?

A

Pilocarpine nitrate

103
Q
  • This is the 5th most abundant mineral in the body
  • Majority of it is present in the skeletal system
  • Functions in blood coagulation, neuromuscular conduction, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability
A

Calcium (Ca 2+)

104
Q

Majority of calcium is present in the skeletal system in the form of what?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

105
Q

How much (in percentage) of hydroxyapatite crystals are in bones and how much are in plasma?

A

98% in bones and 2% in plasma

106
Q

The 2% of ________ in plasma are composed of ionized calcium, protein-bound calcium, and anion-bound calcium

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

107
Q

Give the percentages of the ff. components of the 2% hydroxyapatite crystals found in plasma

  • Ionized/free calcium
  • Protein-bound
  • Anion-bound
A
  • Ionized/free calcium (50%)
  • Protein-bound (40%)
  • Anion-bound (10%)
108
Q

This is regulated by PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin

A

Calcium (2+)

109
Q

Calcium

PTH, Vitamin D, or Calcitonin?

A hypercalcemic agent which allows calcium to be reabsorbed in the kidneys and bones

110
Q

Calcium

PTH, Vitamin D, or Calcitonin?

A hypercalcemic agent that directly increases calcium in blood

111
Q

Calcium

PTH, Vitamin D, or Calcitonin?

A hypocalcemic agent

A

Calcitonin

112
Q

Calcium

PTH, Vitamin D, or Calcitonin?

Which are hypercalcemic and which are hypocalcemic?

A
  • Hypercalcemic: PTH and Vit. D
  • Hypocalcemic: Calcitonin
113
Q

Calcium

TOF: Vitamin D promotes PTH synthesis to increase calcium levels

A

False (reverse; it is PTH that promotes the synthesis of Vit. D)

114
Q

Hypocalcemia or Hypercalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism, steatorrhea, renal diseases, and pancreatitis

A

Hypocalcemia

115
Q

Hypocalcemia or Hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma, tuberculosis, and antacids

A

Hypercalcemia

116
Q

Calcium Measurement

Pre-ionized calcium + protein-bound calcium + anion-bound calcium = ?

A

Total Calcium

117
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In this colorimetric method:
- Calcium is treated with ammonium oxalate to form calcium oxalate
- Then an acid is added to dissolve the crystals to form oxalic acid
- Oxalic acid is titrated with potassium permanganate producing a purple to colorless reaction

A

Clark and Collip

118
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In Clark and Collip, calcium + ammonium oxalate = ?

A

Calcium oxalate

119
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In Clark and Collip, calcium oxalate + acid = ?

A

Oxalic Acid

120
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In Clark and Collip, oxalic acid titrated with potassium permanganate produces what color reaction?

A

From purple to colorless

121
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In this method:
- Calcium is mixed with Calcin Red followed by titration with an anticoagulant
- It becomes yellowish with a green fluorescence
- The calcium-calcin complex will be lost and the end product is salmon pink in color

A

EDTA titration

122
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In EDTA titration, what is mixed with calcium to form a yellowish product with green fluorescence?

A

Calcin Red

123
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In EDTA titration, what is the final end color upon losing the calcium-calcin complex?

A

Salmon pink

124
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In this method:
- It is more on dye-binding
- Has 3 sub-methods: O-Cresolphthalein, Alizarin, and Arsenazo III

A

Spectrophotometric

125
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In spectrophotometry, this is the most popular and it produces a violet end color

A

O-Cresolphthalein

126
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

In spectrophotometry, this uses 8-hydroxyquinoline

127
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

This is the reference method

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

128
Q

Calcium Measurement (TOTAL CALCIUM)

What are the 4 methods for total calcium measurement?

A
  1. Colorimetric
  2. EDTA Titration
  3. Spectrophotometric
  4. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
129
Q

Calcium Measurement (IONIZED CALCIUM)

In this method, the pH is maintained in a sample as calcium ionization is pH dependent

A

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

130
Q

Calcium Measurement (IONIZED CALCIUM)

TOF: A higher pH correlates to lower ionization

131
Q

Calcium Measurement (IONIZED CALCIUM)

TOF: Blood is directly proportional to pH

A

False (indirect)

132
Q
  • This is found in bones, muscles, and ECF
  • It functions in structural support, energy generation, and storage
  • It exists in the form of a buffer phosphate
  • Is influenced by PTH, Vit. D, and Calcitonin
  • Is inversely proportional to calcium
A

Phosphorus

133
Q

If PTH and Vit. D increase calcium, what happens to phosphorus?

134
Q

If Calcitonin decreases calcium, what happens to phosphorus?

135
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

This is the reference method

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

136
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

In this method:
- It measures the end product phosphomolybdenum blue at 600nm
- It is the most popular method in measuring phosphorus
- The reagent is ammonium molybdate

A

Spectrophotometric (Fiske and Subbarow)

137
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

In Fiske and Subbarow, when ammonium molybdate reacts with phosphorus, it produces what?

A

Phosphomolybdate (colorless)

138
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

In Fiske and Subbarow, when a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid is added, it becomes what?

A

Phosphomolybdenum Blue

139
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

In Fiske and Subbarow, what is the end product?

A

Phosphomolybdenum Blue

140
Q

Phosphorus Measurement

In Fiske and Subbarow, phosphomolybdenum blue is measured at what wavelength?

141
Q
  • Its main function is to be a cofactor
  • It is the 2nd most abundant INTRACELLULAR CATION and 4th most abundant cation in the body
A

Magnesium (Mg 2+)

142
Q

Magnesium Measurement

This is the reference method

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

143
Q

Magnesium Measurement

What color of flame does magnesium emit when using the Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES) method?

144
Q

Magnesium Measurement

In spectrophotometry, specifically dye-binding, give the end point colors of the ff. reagents:
- Calmagite
- Formazan dye
- Methylene

A
  • Calmagite - green
  • Formazan dye - dark blue
  • Methylene - blue
145
Q

Magnesium Measurement

In this method:
- It is considered as an old colorimetric method
- One of the first methods used for testing magnesium
- Produces a yellow to red dye in the presence of magnesium

A

Titan Yellow (Colorimetric)

146
Q

Magnesium Measurement

In the Titan Yellow (Colorimetric) method, what color is produced in the presence of Mg 2+?

A

Yellow to red dye

147
Q
  • This is a basic substance important for the acid-base balance
  • The 2nd most abundant anion in the ECF
A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

148
Q

Give the 2 methods for measuring bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A
  1. Acid Titration and pCO2 Electrode
  2. Alkalinization and Enzymatic Method
149
Q

All electrolytes have Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) as their reference method, except for one, what is that electrolyte?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

150
Q

Give all the EXTRACELLULAR electrolytes

A
  1. Sodium (cation)
  2. Chloride (anion)
  3. Phosphorus (neither an anion or cation)
  4. Bicarbonate (anion)
151
Q

Give all the INTRACELLULAR CATIONS

A
  1. Potassium (K+)
  2. Calcium (Ca 2+)
  3. Magnesium (Mg 2+)
152
Q

Give all the EXTRACELLULAR ANIONS

A
  1. Chloride (Cl-)
  2. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
153
Q

TOF: All the anions discussed are intracellular but not all cations discussed are extracellular

A

False (all anions discussed are extracellular)

154
Q

What is the only EXTRACELLULAR CATION among all the electrolytes discussed?

A

Sodium (Na+)

155
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Has an intracellular to extracellular ratio of 1:12

A

Sodium (Na+)

156
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Has an intracellular to extracellular ratio of 25:1

A

Potassium (K+)

157
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

In terms of its intracellular to extracellular ratio, it is found more inside the cell than it is outside

A

Potassium (K+)

158
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

In terms of its intracellular to extracellular ratio, it is found more outside the cell than it is inside

A

Sodium (Na+)

159
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

What are the electrolytes that make use of the Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES) Method?

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Magnesium (Mg 2+)
160
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Aldosterone involvement

A

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)

161
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Involvement of PTH, Vit. D, and Calcitonin

A

Calcium (Ca 2+) and Phosphorus

162
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Albanese-Lein Method and Maruna Trinder Method

163
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Uses the Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Potassium (K+)
  3. Calcium (Ca 2+)
164
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Uses a glass membrane electrode

A

Sodium (Na+)

165
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Turbidimetric and Lockhead and Purcell Method

A

Potassium (K+)

166
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Mercuric Titration and Mercuric Thiocyanate Method

A

Chloride (Cl-)

167
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Colorimetric-Amperometric Titration

A

Chloride (Cl-)

168
Q

Give the electrolytes correspondent to the given

Skegg’s Modification and Whitehorn Titration

A

Chloride (Cl-)

169
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Cotlove Technique

A

Chloride (Cl-)

170
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Clark and Collip under Colorimetric Method

A

Calcium (Ca 2+)

171
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

EDTA Titration

A

Calcium (Ca 2+)

172
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

O-Cresolphthalein, Alizarin, and Arsenazo III

A

Calcium (Ca 2+)

173
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Fiske and Subbarow Method

A

Phosphorus

174
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

Titan Yellow under Colorimetric Method

A

Magnesium (Mg 2+)

175
Q

Give the electrolyte correspondent to the given

  • Acid Titration and pCO2 Electrode
  • Alkalinization and Enzymatic Method
A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Clinical Chemistry 2 (CC2) (18 decks)

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