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Medical Studies 1 > P & L > Flashcards

P & L Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

List the 5 A’s

A

ask
assess
advise
assist
arrange

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2
Q

describe ‘ask’

A

ask to determine whether they have a certain risk factor

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3
Q

describe ‘assess’

A

assess the severity of the risk factor and its impact to their day-day life

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4
Q

describe ‘advise’

A

provide written information/education/motivate to quitting/don’t scare

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5
Q

describe ‘assist’

A

develop a risk factor management plan; assist in making necessary arrangements

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6
Q

describe ‘arrange’

A

refer them to AHA/phone service/follow up

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7
Q

list the stages of change

A

pre contemplation
contemplation
preparation-action
maintenance
relapse

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8
Q

implications of diversity in medical practice

A

communication issues
cultural misunderstanding
discrimination
lack of trust
inequitable inclusion
religious malpractice

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9
Q

list the potential impacts of your assumptions on patients

A

-damages doctor patient relationship
-reinforces feelings of helplessness
-creates/perpetuates stigma
-can be hypocritical
-does not minimise harm

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10
Q

whom are the members of interdisciplinary genetic teams

A

clinical geneticist
genetic counsellors
psychologist

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11
Q

how to differentiate cardiac blues vs depression

A

checking trajectory of symptoms and presence of risk factors

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12
Q

what are risk factors for cardiac blues

A

anxiety/depression
living alone
younger (<55)
recent bereavement
regular smoker/alcohol/drugs
financial stress

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13
Q

symptoms of cardiac blues

A

persistent sadness
social isolation
loss of interest in hobbies
fatigue
anxiety
mood swings
sleep disturbances
reduced self esteem

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14
Q

SMART=

A

specific
measurable
achievable
relevant
time based

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15
Q

what are the three levels of of behavioural change

A

outcomes-do something
processes -how you do it
identify -internal/mental changes

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16
Q

what are the branches of Australian law

A

parliament
executive
courts

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17
Q

what is parliament branch of law

A

legislative branch of government that responsible for making and passing laws in a democratic system

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18
Q

what is executive branch of law

A

branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, led by the head of state or government

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19
Q

what is the judiciary/court branch of law

A

judicial branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying law as well as resolving legal dispute

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20
Q

what are key considerations regarding the cause of action in negligence law in Australia

A

duty of care
breach of duty
causation
damage or loss
foreseeability

21
Q

what is meant by duty of care in the context of negligence in medical law

A

establishing a duty of care is the fundamental element in a negligence claim, it involves demonstrating that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to exercise reasonable care

22
Q

what is meant by breach of duty in the context of negligence in medical law

A

to succeed in a negligence claim the plaintiff must show that the defendant breached their duty of care

23
Q

what is meant by causation in the context of negligence in medical law

A

the plaintiff must establish that the defendants breach of duty was the direct cause of harm or injury endured

24
Q

what is meant by damage or loss in the context of negligence in medical law

A

for a cause of action in negligence, its necessary to demonstrate the plaintiff has suffered actual harm or loss because of defendants breach

25
Q

what is meant by foreseeability in the context of negligence in medical law

A

In Australian negligence law, foreseeability (likelihood to happen) is taken into account

26
Q

what are the parameters of valid consent

A

informed-all info given
capacity-mental and legal capacity
revocable-withdrawn at any time

27
Q

what are the components of capacity in consent

A

-mental competence-cognitive ability
-legal standard-laws set that may vary
-evaluation- healthcare person assess this (via discussion, assessment etc)

28
Q

list the common digital health technologies

A

Telehealth
fitness apps
EHRs
Remote monitoring devices
health Information portals

29
Q

what are EHR’s

A

electronic health records, streamlining healthcare information for better care coordination

30
Q

limitations of EHRs

A

relies upon doctors being fluent with the technology

31
Q

limitations of E prescriptions

A

makes long term prescriptions easier to be deleted/lost

32
Q

list the cultural factors that can influence smoking

A

family norms
occupation
peer pressure
media/adverts
cultural beliefs

33
Q

list the extra steps in telehealth consult

A

-contact patient
-confirm audio and video quality

34
Q

challenges of telehealth consultations

A

technical issues
privacy/confidentiality issues
limited physical exam
communication barriers
legal/regulatory issues

35
Q

define expansive practice

A

a healthcare approach that extends beyond traditional clinical boundaries, incorporating a broader perspective that considers social, economic, and environmental factors
to enhance patient care and well-being.

36
Q

recall the prevalence of different gender identities

A

cisgender 91.1
transgender 4.4
agender0.9
non binary 3.3
other 0.3

37
Q

define cisgender

A

individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were
assigned at birth

38
Q

define transgender

A

individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at
birth.

39
Q

define non binary

A

gender identity that doesn’t fit within the traditional binary concept of male or female, encompassing a range of gender expressions.

40
Q

define genderqueer

A

describe individuals whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female and may encompass a variety of gender expressions.

41
Q

define genderfluid

A

individuals whose gender identity can change and shift over time, rather than
being fixed to a single gender.

42
Q

sex vs gender identity

A

-sex= assigned at birth based on physical characteristics vs gender is individuals own deep sense /belief
-sex =male or female vs gender can be male, female, fluid, neither …
-sex = biological vs gender = psychological
-sex= binary vs gender= broader and diverse

43
Q

what are features of best practice to discuss gender identify with pt

A

-open/respectful communication
-active listening
-privacy/confidentiality
-cultural competence
-inclusive documentation

44
Q

what is Jehovah witness position of blood products

A

Jehovah’s Witnesses are generally prohibited from accepting blood transfusions or blood products as they
interpret certain biblical passages, such as Acts 15:29, to forbid the consumption of blood.

45
Q

OUTLINE some alternatives to blood transfusions

A

cell salvage- blood shed is collected, processed and rein fused to minimise need for transfusion
haemodilution- dilution before surgery to reduce [RBC] allowing some blood loss
pharmacological alternatives-antifibrinolytics or EPO
blood substitutes -synthetic products

46
Q

identify resources available to assist when treating Jehovah witness patients

A

hospital liaison committee
legal and advance directive support

47
Q

describe advise in detail

A

-Ask the patient whether they think they are at risk; if they say yes, then agree; if they say no, then advise them
they are at risk.
* Reference guidelines or statistics to avoid sounding interrogative and disrespectful or imparting judgment.
* Suggest changes; cessation of smoking/alcohol or the sourcing of better dietary constituents.
* If the patient is not willing to make changes, re-iterate that your door is always open; do not push them, rather
encourage autonomous chang

48
Q

describe assist in detal

A
  • Act with the patient to create a management plan; this can be multifaceted.
  • Discuss pharmacotherapy if needed; this may not always be the case.
  • Discuss current barriers and brainstorm ways to overcome these barriers.
49
Q

describe arrange in detail

A

-Arrange referrals to an allied health team; this can include rehabilitation (AA) or dietician/exercise physiologist.
* Arrange a follow-up appointment; promotes a sense of caring and ensures continuity.
* Arrange recommendations to online self-help platforms as well; leave the patient feeling supported.

Medical Studies 1 (15 decks)

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