P & L

Question 1

List the 5 A’s

Answer 1

ask
assess
advise
assist
arrange

Question 2

describe ‘ask’

Answer 2

ask to determine whether they have a certain risk factor

Question 3

describe ‘assess’

Answer 3

assess the severity of the risk factor and its impact to their day-day life

Question 4

describe ‘advise’

Answer 4

provide written information/education/motivate to quitting/don’t scare

Question 5

describe ‘assist’

Answer 5

develop a risk factor management plan; assist in making necessary arrangements

Question 6

describe ‘arrange’

Answer 6

refer them to AHA/phone service/follow up

Question 7

list the stages of change

Answer 7

pre contemplation
contemplation
preparation-action
maintenance
relapse

Question 8

implications of diversity in medical practice

Answer 8

communication issues
cultural misunderstanding
discrimination
lack of trust
inequitable inclusion
religious malpractice

Question 9

list the potential impacts of your assumptions on patients

Answer 9

-damages doctor patient relationship
-reinforces feelings of helplessness
-creates/perpetuates stigma
-can be hypocritical
-does not minimise harm

Question 10

whom are the members of interdisciplinary genetic teams

Answer 10

clinical geneticist
genetic counsellors
psychologist

Question 11

how to differentiate cardiac blues vs depression

Answer 11

checking trajectory of symptoms and presence of risk factors

Question 12

what are risk factors for cardiac blues

Answer 12

anxiety/depression
living alone
younger (<55)
recent bereavement
regular smoker/alcohol/drugs
financial stress

Question 13

symptoms of cardiac blues

Answer 13

persistent sadness
social isolation
loss of interest in hobbies
fatigue
anxiety
mood swings
sleep disturbances
reduced self esteem

Question 14

SMART=

Answer 14

specific
measurable
achievable
relevant
time based

Question 15

what are the three levels of of behavioural change

Answer 15

outcomes-do something
processes -how you do it
identify -internal/mental changes

Question 16

what are the branches of Australian law

Answer 16

parliament
executive
courts

Question 17

what is parliament branch of law

Answer 17

legislative branch of government that responsible for making and passing laws in a democratic system

Question 18

what is executive branch of law

Answer 18

branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, led by the head of state or government

Question 19

what is the judiciary/court branch of law

Answer 19

judicial branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying law as well as resolving legal dispute

Question 20

what are key considerations regarding the cause of action in negligence law in Australia

Answer 20

duty of care
breach of duty
causation
damage or loss
foreseeability

Question 21

what is meant by duty of care in the context of negligence in medical law

Answer 21

establishing a duty of care is the fundamental element in a negligence claim, it involves demonstrating that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to exercise reasonable care

Question 22

what is meant by breach of duty in the context of negligence in medical law

Answer 22

to succeed in a negligence claim the plaintiff must show that the defendant breached their duty of care

Question 23

what is meant by causation in the context of negligence in medical law

Answer 23

the plaintiff must establish that the defendants breach of duty was the direct cause of harm or injury endured

Question 24

what is meant by damage or loss in the context of negligence in medical law

Answer 24

for a cause of action in negligence, its necessary to demonstrate the plaintiff has suffered actual harm or loss because of defendants breach

Question 25

what is meant by foreseeability in the context of negligence in medical law

Answer 25

In Australian negligence law, foreseeability (likelihood to happen) is taken into account

Question 26

what are the parameters of valid consent

Answer 26

informed-all info given capacity-mental and legal capacity revocable-withdrawn at any time

Question 27

what are the components of capacity in consent

Answer 27

-mental competence-cognitive ability -legal standard-laws set that may vary -evaluation- healthcare person assess this (via discussion, assessment etc)

Question 28

list the common digital health technologies

Answer 28

Telehealth fitness apps EHRs Remote monitoring devices health Information portals

Question 29

what are EHR's

Answer 29

electronic health records, streamlining healthcare information for better care coordination

Question 30

limitations of EHRs

Answer 30

relies upon doctors being fluent with the technology

Question 31

limitations of E prescriptions

Answer 31

makes long term prescriptions easier to be deleted/lost

Question 32

list the cultural factors that can influence smoking

Answer 32

family norms occupation peer pressure media/adverts cultural beliefs

Question 33

list the extra steps in telehealth consult

Answer 33

-contact patient -confirm audio and video quality

Question 34

challenges of telehealth consultations

Answer 34

technical issues privacy/confidentiality issues limited physical exam communication barriers legal/regulatory issues

Question 35

define expansive practice

Answer 35

a healthcare approach that extends beyond traditional clinical boundaries, incorporating a broader perspective that considers social, economic, and environmental factors to enhance patient care and well-being.

Question 36

recall the prevalence of different gender identities

Answer 36

cisgender 91.1 transgender 4.4 agender0.9 non binary 3.3 other 0.3

Question 37

define cisgender

Answer 37

individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth

Question 38

define transgender

Answer 38

individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

Question 39

define non binary

Answer 39

gender identity that doesn't fit within the traditional binary concept of male or female, encompassing a range of gender expressions.

Question 40

define genderqueer

Answer 40

describe individuals whose gender identity is not exclusively male or female and may encompass a variety of gender expressions.

Question 41

define genderfluid

Answer 41

individuals whose gender identity can change and shift over time, rather than being fixed to a single gender.

Question 42

sex vs gender identity

Answer 42

-sex= assigned at birth based on physical characteristics vs gender is individuals own deep sense /belief -sex =male or female vs gender can be male, female, fluid, neither ... -sex = biological vs gender = psychological -sex= binary vs gender= broader and diverse

Question 43

what are features of best practice to discuss gender identify with pt

Answer 43

-open/respectful communication -active listening -privacy/confidentiality -cultural competence -inclusive documentation

Question 44

what is Jehovah witness position of blood products

Answer 44

Jehovah's Witnesses are generally prohibited from accepting blood transfusions or blood products as they interpret certain biblical passages, such as Acts 15:29, to forbid the consumption of blood.

Question 45

OUTLINE some alternatives to blood transfusions

Answer 45

cell salvage- blood shed is collected, processed and rein fused to minimise need for transfusion haemodilution- dilution before surgery to reduce [RBC] allowing some blood loss pharmacological alternatives-antifibrinolytics or EPO blood substitutes -synthetic products

Question 46

identify resources available to assist when treating Jehovah witness patients

Answer 46

hospital liaison committee legal and advance directive support

Question 47

describe advise in detail

Answer 47

-Ask the patient whether they think they are at risk; if they say yes, then agree; if they say no, then advise them they are at risk. * Reference guidelines or statistics to avoid sounding interrogative and disrespectful or imparting judgment. * Suggest changes; cessation of smoking/alcohol or the sourcing of better dietary constituents. * If the patient is not willing to make changes, re-iterate that your door is always open; do not push them, rather encourage autonomous chang

Question 48

describe assist in detal

Answer 48

* Act with the patient to create a management plan; this can be multifaceted. * Discuss pharmacotherapy if needed; this may not always be the case. * Discuss current barriers and brainstorm ways to overcome these barriers.

Question 49

describe arrange in detail

Answer 49

-Arrange referrals to an allied health team; this can include rehabilitation (AA) or dietician/exercise physiologist. * Arrange a follow-up appointment; promotes a sense of caring and ensures continuity. * Arrange recommendations to online self-help platforms as well; leave the patient feeling supported.