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Medical Studies 1 > H and S > Flashcards

H and S Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

List the social determinants of health that can impact RHD

A

crowding
SES
dwelling status

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2
Q

how does crowding impact RHD

A

increased risk of RHD due to close living quarters and increased person-person contact

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3
Q

how does SES impact RHD

A

higher prevalence in SES disadvantaged communities

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4
Q

how does dwelling status impact RHD

A

associated with inadequate housing conditions and overcrowding, contributing to transmission

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5
Q

whats RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

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6
Q

whats ARF

A

acute rheumatic fever

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7
Q

primordial intervention for RHD

A

prevent the development of risk factors/reduce social determinants

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8
Q

primary intervention for RHD

A

treat with antibiotics/vaccine

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9
Q

secondary intervention for RHD

A

diagnosis and screening, prevent recurrent episodes

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10
Q

tertiary intervention for RHD

A

pharmacological management of complications, surgery and rehab

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11
Q

what is CHD

A

a condition characterised by narrowing or blockage of CA, leading to reduced blood flow to heart and potential chest pain or other CV conditions

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12
Q

what is AF

A

an irregular often rapid heart rhythm that can increase risk of blood clots, stroke and other heart-related complications

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13
Q

epidemiology of CHD

A

-leading cause of death in Aus
-burden decreasing
-males and elderly at high risk

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14
Q

epidemiology of AF

A

-low mortality
-increasing burden
-males and elderly at high risk

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15
Q

risk facts for CHD

A

smoking
high LDL’s
HTN
FHx
advanced age
obesity
physical inactivity

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16
Q

risk factors for AF

A

HTN
advanced age
male sex
alcohol excess
obesity
T2DM
kidney disease
smoking

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17
Q

how can smoking lead to CHD

A

increased CHD risk by promoting inflammation and damaging CA

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18
Q

how can obesity contribute to CHD

A

increases CHD risk by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia

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19
Q

how does CKD lead to AF

A

CKD can disrupt electrolyte balance which is a risk factor for AF

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20
Q

list some social determinants of health

A

access to healthcare
diet/nutrition culture
tobacco culture
health literacy
social support
SES
rurality

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21
Q

what are the broad impacts of tobacco on health

A

CVD
Respiratory disease
Malignancy

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22
Q

what are the at risk demographics of smoking-related harms

A

mental illness
ATSI
low income

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23
Q

what are the interventions for smoking

A

taxation/pricing
public education
advertising bans

24
Q

what are individual level interventions for smoking

A

-targeted efforts to modify the behaviour of a single person through counselling, education, or therapy to address specific health related issues

25
Q

what are population based interventions for smoking

A

strategies and programs to influence the behaviour of a larger group or community, often through policy changes, public health campaigns, and education, with the goal of improving public health outcomes

26
Q

upstream vs downstream medicine

A

upstream med= addresses the social context of disease and SES contributing to health

downstream med= primarily concerned with managing and alleviating the symptoms of diseases or health conditions

27
Q

list upstream factors

A

housing
health services
education
ambient and work environment

28
Q

what are the non clinical professionals who can help treat asthma

A

-non clinical public health physician
-environmental health officer
-occupational hygienist

29
Q

role of non clinical public health physician

A

public health professional who focuses on preventative health measures and policies at the population level rather than individual patient care

30
Q

role of environmental health officers in asthma

A

an expert responsible for monitoring and regulating environmental factors that can impact public health, such as air and water quality, food safety and sanitation

31
Q

role of occupational hygienist in asthma

A

a specialist who assesses and manages workplace environments to prevent health hazards and ensure the safety and well-being of workers, addressing issues like exposure to toxins, ergonomic concerns etc.

32
Q

list the types of anaemia

A

iron deficiency
B12, Folate deficiency
Aplastic
thalassaemia
sickle cell anaemia

33
Q

what is iron deficiency

A

insufficient iron intake or absorption, leading to decreased production of red blood cells and insufficient oxygen transport in the body

34
Q

what is B12, Folate deficiency

A

inadequate intake or absorption of vitamins B12 or folate, resulting in reduced RBC production and development of anaemia

35
Q

what is aplastic anaemia

A

damage to the bone marrow, which impairs the production of RBC’s and development of anaemia

36
Q

what is thalassamia anaemia

A

genetic disorders affecting Hg production, leading to abnormal RBC’s and anaemia

37
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia

A

an inherited blood disorder where RBC’s become misshapen and break down, causing a shortage of healthy RBC’s and impaired oxygen delivery

38
Q

what are the at risk populations for anaemia

A

pregnant women
elderly
veg/vegan
low income

39
Q

how is anaemia influenced by SES

A

low income can limit nutritious foods, health care and iron supplements -> increasing risk of anaemia

40
Q

how is anaemia influenced by education

A

lower levels of education may lead to less knowledge about dietary choices and health behaviours that prevent anaemia

41
Q

how is anaemia influenced by access to healthcare

A

limited access to healthcare facilities can hinder early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that cause anaemia

42
Q

how is anaemia influences by food security

A

food availability and affordability play a crucial role in preventing anaemia, particularly in vulnerable populations

43
Q

how is anaemia influenced by cultural/social norm

A

cultural dietary practices and beliefs can affect the intake of iron-rich food and may contribute to anaemia

44
Q

how is anaemia influences by racial/ethnic disparity

A

certain racial and ethnic groups may have a higher risk of anaemia due to genetic factors or disparities in health care access

45
Q

how is anaemia influenced by living conditions

A

poor housing, sanitation and access to clean water can increase the risk of infections that causes anaemia

46
Q

what is planetary health

A

-planetary health recognises health of ecosystems is closely linked to human health
-climate change is a significant part of this
-increased temp, changes to weather patterns, shifting precipitations and extreme weather events are given by burning of FF and deforestation

47
Q

what are the risk factors for haematological diseases using planetary health lens

A

-crop yield reduction
-Vitamin B12 deficiency
-iron deficiency
-drought/famine

48
Q

how is crop yield reduction a risk factor for haematological disease

A

-dec. crop yields lead to food shortage and decreased intake of nutrients contributing to malnutrition anaemia

49
Q

how is VitaminB12 deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease

A

lack of vitamin b12 can impair production of RBC’s –> megaloblastic anaemia
pernicious

50
Q

how is iron deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease

A

iron is a crucial component of Hb, transporting oxygen via RBC’s, iron def–> iron def anaemia

51
Q

how can drought be a risk factor for haematological disease

A

this can lead go scarcity of food, causing malnutrition and lack of nutrients (iron + VB12) –> anaemia

52
Q

Explain how climate change mitigation can protect the wellbeing of our community

A

-mitigation measures like transitioning to cleaner energy sources and reducing emissions from transport can improve air quality (decreasing CV, resp risks)
-adapting (infrastructure + planning) for frequent extreme weather can prevent injuries and deaths
-practices such as transport, green spaces and local food production also key

53
Q

ways to address climate change

A

-renewable energy
-carbon pricing/tax
-conservation
-sustainable agriculture
-global collaboration

54
Q

list the threats that come with climate change

A

temperature rises
extreme weather events
food/water insecurity
health risks

55
Q

main drivers of climate change are

A

population growth
burning fossil fuels
deforestation
agriculture
transportation

Medical Studies 1 (15 decks)

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