H and S Flashcards
List the social determinants of health that can impact RHD
crowding
SES
dwelling status
how does crowding impact RHD
increased risk of RHD due to close living quarters and increased person-person contact
how does SES impact RHD
higher prevalence in SES disadvantaged communities
how does dwelling status impact RHD
associated with inadequate housing conditions and overcrowding, contributing to transmission
whats RHD
rheumatic heart disease
whats ARF
acute rheumatic fever
primordial intervention for RHD
prevent the development of risk factors/reduce social determinants
primary intervention for RHD
treat with antibiotics/vaccine
secondary intervention for RHD
diagnosis and screening, prevent recurrent episodes
tertiary intervention for RHD
pharmacological management of complications, surgery and rehab
what is CHD
a condition characterised by narrowing or blockage of CA, leading to reduced blood flow to heart and potential chest pain or other CV conditions
what is AF
an irregular often rapid heart rhythm that can increase risk of blood clots, stroke and other heart-related complications
epidemiology of CHD
-leading cause of death in Aus
-burden decreasing
-males and elderly at high risk
epidemiology of AF
-low mortality
-increasing burden
-males and elderly at high risk
risk facts for CHD
smoking
high LDL’s
HTN
FHx
advanced age
obesity
physical inactivity
risk factors for AF
HTN
advanced age
male sex
alcohol excess
obesity
T2DM
kidney disease
smoking
how can smoking lead to CHD
increased CHD risk by promoting inflammation and damaging CA
how can obesity contribute to CHD
increases CHD risk by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia
how does CKD lead to AF
CKD can disrupt electrolyte balance which is a risk factor for AF
list some social determinants of health
access to healthcare
diet/nutrition culture
tobacco culture
health literacy
social support
SES
rurality
what are the broad impacts of tobacco on health
CVD
Respiratory disease
Malignancy
what are the at risk demographics of smoking-related harms
mental illness
ATSI
low income
what are the interventions for smoking
taxation/pricing
public education
advertising bans
what are individual level interventions for smoking
-targeted efforts to modify the behaviour of a single person through counselling, education, or therapy to address specific health related issues
what are population based interventions for smoking
strategies and programs to influence the behaviour of a larger group or community, often through policy changes, public health campaigns, and education, with the goal of improving public health outcomes
upstream vs downstream medicine
upstream med= addresses the social context of disease and SES contributing to health
downstream med= primarily concerned with managing and alleviating the symptoms of diseases or health conditions
list upstream factors
housing
health services
education
ambient and work environment
what are the non clinical professionals who can help treat asthma
-non clinical public health physician
-environmental health officer
-occupational hygienist
role of non clinical public health physician
public health professional who focuses on preventative health measures and policies at the population level rather than individual patient care
role of environmental health officers in asthma
an expert responsible for monitoring and regulating environmental factors that can impact public health, such as air and water quality, food safety and sanitation
role of occupational hygienist in asthma
a specialist who assesses and manages workplace environments to prevent health hazards and ensure the safety and well-being of workers, addressing issues like exposure to toxins, ergonomic concerns etc.
list the types of anaemia
iron deficiency
B12, Folate deficiency
Aplastic
thalassaemia
sickle cell anaemia
what is iron deficiency
insufficient iron intake or absorption, leading to decreased production of red blood cells and insufficient oxygen transport in the body
what is B12, Folate deficiency
inadequate intake or absorption of vitamins B12 or folate, resulting in reduced RBC production and development of anaemia
what is aplastic anaemia
damage to the bone marrow, which impairs the production of RBC’s and development of anaemia
what is thalassamia anaemia
genetic disorders affecting Hg production, leading to abnormal RBC’s and anaemia
what is sickle cell anaemia
an inherited blood disorder where RBC’s become misshapen and break down, causing a shortage of healthy RBC’s and impaired oxygen delivery
what are the at risk populations for anaemia
pregnant women
elderly
veg/vegan
low income
how is anaemia influenced by SES
low income can limit nutritious foods, health care and iron supplements -> increasing risk of anaemia
how is anaemia influenced by education
lower levels of education may lead to less knowledge about dietary choices and health behaviours that prevent anaemia
how is anaemia influenced by access to healthcare
limited access to healthcare facilities can hinder early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that cause anaemia
how is anaemia influences by food security
food availability and affordability play a crucial role in preventing anaemia, particularly in vulnerable populations
how is anaemia influenced by cultural/social norm
cultural dietary practices and beliefs can affect the intake of iron-rich food and may contribute to anaemia
how is anaemia influences by racial/ethnic disparity
certain racial and ethnic groups may have a higher risk of anaemia due to genetic factors or disparities in health care access
how is anaemia influenced by living conditions
poor housing, sanitation and access to clean water can increase the risk of infections that causes anaemia
what is planetary health
-planetary health recognises health of ecosystems is closely linked to human health
-climate change is a significant part of this
-increased temp, changes to weather patterns, shifting precipitations and extreme weather events are given by burning of FF and deforestation
what are the risk factors for haematological diseases using planetary health lens
-crop yield reduction
-Vitamin B12 deficiency
-iron deficiency
-drought/famine
how is crop yield reduction a risk factor for haematological disease
-dec. crop yields lead to food shortage and decreased intake of nutrients contributing to malnutrition anaemia
how is VitaminB12 deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease
lack of vitamin b12 can impair production of RBC’s –> megaloblastic anaemia
pernicious
how is iron deficiency a risk factor for haematological disease
iron is a crucial component of Hb, transporting oxygen via RBC’s, iron def–> iron def anaemia
how can drought be a risk factor for haematological disease
this can lead go scarcity of food, causing malnutrition and lack of nutrients (iron + VB12) –> anaemia
Explain how climate change mitigation can protect the wellbeing of our community
-mitigation measures like transitioning to cleaner energy sources and reducing emissions from transport can improve air quality (decreasing CV, resp risks)
-adapting (infrastructure + planning) for frequent extreme weather can prevent injuries and deaths
-practices such as transport, green spaces and local food production also key
ways to address climate change
-renewable energy
-carbon pricing/tax
-conservation
-sustainable agriculture
-global collaboration
list the threats that come with climate change
temperature rises
extreme weather events
food/water insecurity
health risks
main drivers of climate change are
population growth
burning fossil fuels
deforestation
agriculture
transportation
