P&E revision Flashcards
What are the advantages of social groups in animals?
-protection from predators
-division of labor
-resource defense, -assembly for mate selection
-richer learning environment.
Explain the concept of co-operative behavior.
involves two or more individuals working together towards a common goal, increasing the probability of survival for all involved.
How does co-operative defense benefit individuals in a social group?
decreases individual risk towards predation and extreme environmental conditions.
List some possible disadvantages of social groups/large hierarchy group
-increased competition for resources
-higher chances of spreading disease
- interference with reproduction.
What role does division of labor play in social groups?
a wider search area and more efficient finding of food
How do social groups provide protection from environmental factors?
protection from adverse environmental factors and predators
Explain the concept of co-operative foraging.
together to find food, which can increase efficiency and success in obtaining resources.
Explain the concept of hierarchy in social structures.
Hierarchy is a system where members of an organization or society are ranked according to dominance.
Effect of hierarchy
Reduced male aggression, fighting, and competition.
less injury more E for defence
How does a dominance hierarchy benefit a group?
-ensures more time is spent on finding food, breeding, raising young, and defending territories.
List the benefits of dominance in animal behavior.
-access to prey/resources,
-increased reproductive sucess (more offspring, advantageous traits passed on - faster, stronger,more likely to survive.) energy is not lost to produce weak indiviudals
How does a dominance hierarchy affect reproductive success?
By reducing aggression and competition, it allows more energy to be allocated to reproduction and territory defense.
Describe the advantages of having a territory for animals.
+ better resource allocation (protection of young, division of labour, energy not wasted competing for food w others)
+greater reproductive sucess (only the dittest can hold territory –> favourable alleles passed on –> stronger)
+greater focus on parental connection and care
What is a home range?
A home range is an area in which an animal or group of animals live and travel, containing essential resources like food, water, and nesting material, and it is not actively defended.
Define pair bond
type of stable relationship btw animals opposite sex to ensure cooperative behaviour
Explain the disadvantages of defending a territory.
- energetically demanding and time consuming (would take more E competing for food)
-risk of injury (more individuals –> reduced individual risk)
Define monogamy and its impact on male behavior.
Having 1 partner/staying w same partner for more than 1 breeding season
+reduced time & E finding partner
+parents work together (reduced individual labour)
-reduced long term genetic diversity
Explain the concept of polygynandry.
Polygynandry is a mating system where multiple males mate indiscriminately with multiple females, often due to the energetic demands of searching for a mate.
Define R-selected species and their reproductive strategy.
many small bodied offspring
little to no parenting
+ higher chance pop size maintained
-low chance survival
Describe K-selected species and their approach to offspring care.
few well prepared offspring
large investment in parenting
+high chances sruvival
+more attention, protection, teachign
-takes focus off parents needs
Migration advantgaes
+animals remain in favourable environmental cond (not as much E used maintain body temp)
+more daylight (more time to forage, mate, reproduce)
+more food –> decreased risk of predation/disease, less vulnerable
+greater genetic mixing
Cues for migration
-maturation of sex organs
-decrease temp/day length
-innate, genetically programmed.
Interspecific comp how/effect
Diff species, same niche, compete for same resources (Gauses Principle)–> cannot both exist same time/place
Antibiosis?
One species releases a substance that kills/inhibits the growth of another species
