P&E revision

Question 1

What are the advantages of social groups in animals?

Answer 1

-protection from predators
-division of labor
-resource defense, -assembly for mate selection
-richer learning environment.

Question 2

Explain the concept of co-operative behavior.

Answer 2

involves two or more individuals working together towards a common goal, increasing the probability of survival for all involved.

Question 3

How does co-operative defense benefit individuals in a social group?

Answer 3

decreases individual risk towards predation and extreme environmental conditions.

Question 4

List some possible disadvantages of social groups/large hierarchy group

Answer 4

-increased competition for resources
-higher chances of spreading disease
- interference with reproduction.

Question 5

What role does division of labor play in social groups?

Answer 5

a wider search area and more efficient finding of food

Question 6

How do social groups provide protection from environmental factors?

Answer 6

protection from adverse environmental factors and predators

Question 7

Explain the concept of co-operative foraging.

Answer 7

together to find food, which can increase efficiency and success in obtaining resources.

Question 8

Explain the concept of hierarchy in social structures.

Answer 8

Hierarchy is a system where members of an organization or society are ranked according to dominance.

Question 9

Effect of hierarchy

Answer 9

Reduced male aggression, fighting, and competition.

less injury more E for defence

Question 10

How does a dominance hierarchy benefit a group?

Answer 10

-ensures more time is spent on finding food, breeding, raising young, and defending territories.

Question 11

List the benefits of dominance in animal behavior.

Answer 11

-access to prey/resources,
-increased reproductive sucess (more offspring, advantageous traits passed on - faster, stronger,more likely to survive.) energy is not lost to produce weak indiviudals

Question 12

How does a dominance hierarchy affect reproductive success?

Answer 12

By reducing aggression and competition, it allows more energy to be allocated to reproduction and territory defense.

Question 13

Describe the advantages of having a territory for animals.

Answer 13

+ better resource allocation (protection of young, division of labour, energy not wasted competing for food w others)
+greater reproductive sucess (only the dittest can hold territory –> favourable alleles passed on –> stronger)
+greater focus on parental connection and care

Question 14

What is a home range?

Answer 14

A home range is an area in which an animal or group of animals live and travel, containing essential resources like food, water, and nesting material, and it is not actively defended.

Question 15

Define pair bond

Answer 15

type of stable relationship btw animals opposite sex to ensure cooperative behaviour

Question 16

Explain the disadvantages of defending a territory.

Answer 16

• energetically demanding and time consuming (would take more E competing for food)
  -risk of injury (more individuals –> reduced individual risk)

Question 17

Define monogamy and its impact on male behavior.

Answer 17

Having 1 partner/staying w same partner for more than 1 breeding season

+reduced time & E finding partner
+parents work together (reduced individual labour)

-reduced long term genetic diversity

Question 18

Explain the concept of polygynandry.

Answer 18

Polygynandry is a mating system where multiple males mate indiscriminately with multiple females, often due to the energetic demands of searching for a mate.

Question 19

Define R-selected species and their reproductive strategy.

Answer 19

many small bodied offspring
little to no parenting

+ higher chance pop size maintained
-low chance survival

Question 20

Describe K-selected species and their approach to offspring care.

Answer 20

few well prepared offspring
large investment in parenting

+high chances sruvival
+more attention, protection, teachign

-takes focus off parents needs

Question 21

Migration advantgaes

Answer 21

+animals remain in favourable environmental cond (not as much E used maintain body temp)
+more daylight (more time to forage, mate, reproduce)
+more food –> decreased risk of predation/disease, less vulnerable
+greater genetic mixing

Question 22

Cues for migration

Answer 22

-maturation of sex organs
-decrease temp/day length
-innate, genetically programmed.

Question 23

Interspecific comp how/effect

Answer 23

Diff species, same niche, compete for same resources (Gauses Principle)–> cannot both exist same time/place

Question 24

Antibiosis?

Answer 24

One species releases a substance that kills/inhibits the growth of another species