Oxygenation Flashcards
The mechanism that facilitates the body’s ability to supply oxygen to all cells of the body through ventilation, expiration, and inspiration.
Oxygenation
What factors influence respiratory function?
Age Environment Lifestyle Health Status Medications Stress
Changes that affect the respiratory system of older adults become especially important if the system is compromised by changes such as infection, physical, or emotional stress, surgery, anesthesia, or other procedures. (chest wall and airways become more rigid and less elastic, the amount of exchanged air is decreased, the cough reflex and cilia action are decreased, mucous membranes become drier and more fragile.)
Age
Altitude, heat, cold, and air pollution affect oxygenation. The higher the altitude the lower the PO2 an individual breathes. As a result the person at high altitudes has increased respiratory and cardiac rates and increased respiratory depths.
Environment
Physical exercise or activity increases the rate and depth of respiration and hence the supply of O2 in the body. Sedentary people by contrast, lack the alveolar expansion and deep breathing patterns of people with regular activity and are less able to respond effectively to respiratory stressors.
Lifestyle
In this type of person the respiratory system can provide sufficient O2 to meet the body’s needs. Diseases of the respiratory system however can adversely affect the oxygenation of the blood
Health Status
A variety of ______ can decrease the rate and depth of respiration. The most common ______ having this effect are the benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics and antianxiety drugs, opoids (moprhine).
Medication
Physiologically the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and epinephrine is released during ____. Epinephrine causes the bronchioles to dilate, increasing blood flow and O2 delivery to active muscles. Although these responses are adaptive in the short term, when ____ continues they can be destructive, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease
Stress
- take about 30 breaths per minute
- rely on diaphragmatic breathing
- at risk for airway obstruction
Infants
- at risk for acute and chronic respiratory diseases
- pneumonia may present with atypical symptoms
- chest walls and airways less elastic ( more rigid)
- cough reflex decreased
Older Adults
- Preschooler 25 breaths per minute
- rate gradually decreases until late adolescence 12-18
- upper respiratory infection
Children
- the function of the respiratory system is gas exchange.
- Oxygen from inspired air diffuses from alveoli in the lung in to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
- carbon dioxide produced during cell metabolism diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and is exhaled.
Normal Oxygenation
Mild impairments can cause fatigue, irritability, and discomfort. Severe ______ can result in tissue hypoxia, impairing the body’s ability to transmit O2 to vital systems. This can become life threatening without intervention
Alterations in Oxygenation
difficulty breathing when lying down
Orthopnea
Blue of gray coloration of the skin
Cyanosis
Accessory muscles involved in respiration
scalenes, sternocledimastoid, trapezius
nail beds with an angle of 180 degrees or greater
digital clubbing
Kussmaul breathing
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Biot respirations
Abnormal Breathing Patterns
Stridor
Crackles
Rhonci
Wheezing
Adventitious Breath Sounds
What are the steps in collecting a sputum culture?
- Perform oral care
- Breathe deeply
- Cough up to 1-2 tsp sputum
- Expectorate into container
- Label and send to lab
(best time is in the morning, can be obtained through suctioning)
What are some nursing interventions for breathing regarding positioning ?
Fowlers’s Position (30 - 90 degrees)
Frequent repositioning
Orthopneic position
Tripod position
What are some nursing interventions for breathing regarding exercises?
Turn, cough and deep breathe huff coughing pursed lip breathing diaphragmatic breathing incentive spirometer
What are some nursing interventions for breathing regarding promoting secretion clearance?
deep breathe and cough
encourage PO fluids as tolerated
suctioning
Collapsed alveoli
Atelectasis
harsh, high pitched sound during inspiration
Stridor (adventitious breath sound)
Shallow breaths interrupted by apnea
Biot’s (cluster) respiration (Abnormal breathing pattern)
air collected in the pleural space
pneumothorax
abnormally slow breathing
Bradypnea
marked rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations, from very shallow to very deep, with short periods of apnea.
Cheyne-Stokes Respirations
normal respiration
eupnea
excessive fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
accumulaton of blood in the blood pleural space
hemothorax
difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea
the body’s attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acidosis by blowing of acid in the form of CO2
Kussmaul’s breathing (abnormal breathing patterns)
absence of any breathing
apnea
insufficient O2 anywhere in the body
hypoxia
the amount of air inspired and expired with each breath
tidal volume
O2 concentrations play a major role in regulating respiration; decreased O2 concentrations are the main stimuli for receptors because the increased carbon dioxide levels desensitize the central chemoreceptors
emphysema
faster than normal breathing
tachypnea
pressure within the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes
Cyanosis
Lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in lungs without which lung expansion in exceedingly difficult
surfactant
inability to breathe easily unless sitting upright
orthopnea
increased levels of CO2
hypercapnia
low level of O2 in the blood
hypoxemia
pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs
intrapleural pressure
delivery of air O2 under pressure without the need for an invasive tube
noninvasive ventilation
involves giving client breaths of greater volume than set on ventilator or via manual resuscitation bag
hyperinflation
