Infection and Inflammation

Question 1

Growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not normally found

Answer 1

Infection

Question 2

Microorganism capable of causing disease (ex bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

Answer 2

Pathogen

Question 3

a detectable alteration in normal tissue function

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

leading cause of death among health care patients

Answer 4

Healthcare Associated Infection (HAIs)

Question 5

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 5

organism -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> transmission -> portal of entry -> susceptible host

Question 6

anywhere organisms can grow and thrive

Answer 6

reservoir

Question 7

any place an organism can exit

Answer 7

portal of exit

Question 8

entry of an organism in to a new host

Answer 8

portal of entry

Question 9

risk factors for developing infections

Answer 9

susceptible host

Question 10

steps taken in order to break the chain of infection?

Answer 10

Decontamination, educate clients on hand hygiene, ensure articles are cleaned correctly before use

Question 11

steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of the reservoir?

Answer 11

dispose of lamp linens appropriately
dispose of urine and feces in appropriate receptacles
ensure fluid containers are covered or capped
change dressings and bandages when they are soiled or wet

Question 12

steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of portal of exit ?

Answer 12

avoid talking/coughing/sneezing over wounds and sterile fields
cover the mouth when coughing
control/contain secretions and excretions

Question 13

steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of mode of transmission?

Answer 13

use of hand hygiene
use of appropriate barrier precautions to protect caregiver from exposure to pathogens (change barriers between each patient)
enforce isolation precautions

Question 14

airborne precautions come into effect your attempting to prevent the spread of anything in the air greater than 3 feet and can live in the environment (ex. tuberculosis and, pandemic influenza, measles) what are the airborne precautions?

Answer 14

Patient is housed in a negative pressure room
must wear N-95 mask
and if transporting the patient the patient must wear a N-95 mask

Question 15

contact precautions come into effect to prevent any type of touch transference. (ex MRSA, ESBL, Scabies, wounds with uncontained drainage, VRE) what are the contact precautions?

Answer 15

nurse wears water resistant gloves and gown

Question 16

special enteric contact precautions come into effect for infectious diarrhea, hepatitis A, and CDIF.

Answer 16

special precautions are gown and gloves and individual must wash their hands with soap and water. Also remember to wipe down equipment with bleach wipes.

Question 17

Droplet precautions are placed into effect when dealing with the flu, whooping cough, and bacterial meningitis. These are examples of things that lives in the air within 3 feet.

Answer 17

Special precautions are only to wear a surgical mask

Question 18

used to prevent immune compromised patients from micro-organisms

Answer 18

Protective isolation

Question 19

steps to take to break the chain of infection by the route of portal of entry?

Answer 19

use sterile techniques for invasive procedures
place used needles and syringes in sharps containers
provide all clients with their own personal care items

Question 20

steps to take to break the chain of infection by the rote of susceptible host?

Answer 20

maintain integrity of clients skin and mucous membranes
ensure client has nutritious diet
educate the public about the importance of immunizations

Question 21

protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to tissues to fight infection

Answer 21

Inflammatory response

Question 22

What are the local signs of infection?

Answer 22

edema, erythema, pain or tenderness with palpation or movement, palpable heat, loss of function, wound drainage

Question 23

What are the systemic signs of infection?

Answer 23

fever, increased pulse, increase RR, malaise, anorexia, lymph nodes, elevated WBC, elevated ESR, cultures show growth of microorganisms.

Question 24

What are diagnostic tests for infection?

Answer 24

white blood count

culture and sensitivity

Question 25

Infection that is in any part of the urinary system (kidney, uterus, bladder, or ureter) occurs when bacteria enters and multiples

Answer 25

urinary tract infection

Question 26

Who are those at risk for a urinary tract infection?

Answer 26

females, sexually active, urinary retention, urinary tract abnormality

Question 27

What are the clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection

Answer 27

strong persistent urge to void
burning during urination
voiding frequent small amounts
cloudy, pink, strong smelling urine
pelvic, rectal pain
confusion (commonly found int he elderly)

Question 28

What is the diagnostic test used for a UTI?

Answer 28

urine sample looking at WBC, RBC, and sometimes a culture