Infection and Inflammation Flashcards
Growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not normally found
Infection
Microorganism capable of causing disease (ex bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Pathogen
a detectable alteration in normal tissue function
disease
leading cause of death among health care patients
Healthcare Associated Infection (HAIs)
What is the chain of infection?
organism -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> transmission -> portal of entry -> susceptible host
anywhere organisms can grow and thrive
reservoir
any place an organism can exit
portal of exit
entry of an organism in to a new host
portal of entry
risk factors for developing infections
susceptible host
steps taken in order to break the chain of infection?
Decontamination, educate clients on hand hygiene, ensure articles are cleaned correctly before use
steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of the reservoir?
dispose of lamp linens appropriately
dispose of urine and feces in appropriate receptacles
ensure fluid containers are covered or capped
change dressings and bandages when they are soiled or wet
steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of portal of exit ?
avoid talking/coughing/sneezing over wounds and sterile fields
cover the mouth when coughing
control/contain secretions and excretions
steps to take to break the chain of infection by route of mode of transmission?
use of hand hygiene
use of appropriate barrier precautions to protect caregiver from exposure to pathogens (change barriers between each patient)
enforce isolation precautions
airborne precautions come into effect your attempting to prevent the spread of anything in the air greater than 3 feet and can live in the environment (ex. tuberculosis and, pandemic influenza, measles) what are the airborne precautions?
Patient is housed in a negative pressure room
must wear N-95 mask
and if transporting the patient the patient must wear a N-95 mask
contact precautions come into effect to prevent any type of touch transference. (ex MRSA, ESBL, Scabies, wounds with uncontained drainage, VRE) what are the contact precautions?
nurse wears water resistant gloves and gown
special enteric contact precautions come into effect for infectious diarrhea, hepatitis A, and CDIF.
special precautions are gown and gloves and individual must wash their hands with soap and water. Also remember to wipe down equipment with bleach wipes.
Droplet precautions are placed into effect when dealing with the flu, whooping cough, and bacterial meningitis. These are examples of things that lives in the air within 3 feet.
Special precautions are only to wear a surgical mask
used to prevent immune compromised patients from micro-organisms
Protective isolation
steps to take to break the chain of infection by the route of portal of entry?
use sterile techniques for invasive procedures
place used needles and syringes in sharps containers
provide all clients with their own personal care items
steps to take to break the chain of infection by the rote of susceptible host?
maintain integrity of clients skin and mucous membranes
ensure client has nutritious diet
educate the public about the importance of immunizations
protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to tissues to fight infection
Inflammatory response
What are the local signs of infection?
edema, erythema, pain or tenderness with palpation or movement, palpable heat, loss of function, wound drainage
What are the systemic signs of infection?
fever, increased pulse, increase RR, malaise, anorexia, lymph nodes, elevated WBC, elevated ESR, cultures show growth of microorganisms.
What are diagnostic tests for infection?
white blood count
culture and sensitivity
Infection that is in any part of the urinary system (kidney, uterus, bladder, or ureter) occurs when bacteria enters and multiples
urinary tract infection
Who are those at risk for a urinary tract infection?
females, sexually active, urinary retention, urinary tract abnormality
What are the clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection
strong persistent urge to void burning during urination voiding frequent small amounts cloudy, pink, strong smelling urine pelvic, rectal pain confusion (commonly found int he elderly)
What is the diagnostic test used for a UTI?
urine sample looking at WBC, RBC, and sometimes a culture
