OXYGENATION

Question 1

What is oxygen and why is it essential?

Answer 1

Oxygen is a clear, odorless gas that constitutes approximately 21% of the air we breathe and is essential for cellular metabolism and the proper functioning of all living cells.

Question 2

What happens to brain cells after 1 minute without oxygen?

Answer 2

Brain cells begin to experience stress due to lack of oxygen.

Question 3

What occurs to neurons after 3 minutes without oxygen?

Answer 3

Neurons start to suffer more serious damage, which can still be reversible if oxygen is quickly restored.

Question 4

What damage occurs to brain cells after 5-6 minutes without oxygen?

Answer 4

Brain cells begin to die, leading to permanent brain damage and loss of cognitive and motor functions.

Question 5

What happens to brain cells after 10 minutes without oxygen?

Answer 5

Most brain cells will have died, leading to severe brain damage and a low chance of recovery without significant neurological impairment.

Question 6

What are the normal ABG pH values?

Answer 6

7.35 - 7.45

Question 7

What is the normal range for PCO2 in ABG analysis?

Answer 7

35 - 45 mmHg

Question 8

What is the normal HCO3 range in ABG analysis?

Answer 8

22 - 26 mEq/L

Question 9

What is the normal SaO2 range in ABG analysis?

Answer 9

95% - 100%

Question 10

What is the definition of hypoxia?

Answer 10

Low oxygen levels in the tissues of the body.

Question 11

What are some signs and symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer 11

Feeding difficulty, inspiratory stridor, nares flaring, expiratory grunting, sternal retractions, clubbing, restlessness, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, nose flaring.

Question 12

What interventions can manage hypoxia?

Answer 12

Raise the head of the bed, encourage enhanced breathing and coughing, manage oxygen therapy and equipment, assess need for respiratory meds, provide oral suctioning, provide pain relief, and more.

Question 13

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 13

Low oxygen levels in the blood, specifically in arterial blood.

Question 14

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 14

Abnormally elevated CO2 levels in the blood, usually from inadequate ventilation.

Question 15

What are common equipment items used in oxygenation therapy?

Answer 15

Pulse oximeter, oxygen flowmeter, oxygen source, micropore tape, vital signs monitoring equipment, mask or nasal cannula, no smoking sign.

Question 16

What is FiO2?

Answer 16

FiO2 or Fraction of Inspired Oxygen is the percentage of oxygen in the air a person breathes in, with room air being 21%.

Question 17

How much FiO2 increases with each liter per minute of oxygen?

Answer 17

Approximately 4% for each liter per minute of oxygen.

Question 18

What is a nasal cannula?

Answer 18

A device delivering 1 to 6 liters per minute of oxygen.

Question 19

What is an oxygen mask?

Answer 19

A device delivering 24-40% oxygen concentration up to 15 LPM.

Question 20

What is the flow rate and oxygen concentration of a simple mask or rebreather?

Answer 20

Flow rate of 5-10 LPM and oxygen concentration of 40-60%.

Question 21

What is a non-rebreather mask?

Answer 21

A mask delivering 70-100% oxygen concentration at a flow rate of 10-15 LPM.

Question 22

What is high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy?

Answer 22

Delivers 100% humidified oxygen flow at 60 LPM.

Question 23

What is the Venturi mask used for?

Answer 23

Provides 24% to 60% oxygen concentration, with flow rate depending on adapter.

Question 24

What is noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?

Answer 24

A ventilatory support method without an invasive airway, such as CPAP or BiPAP.

Question 25

What are symptoms of oxygen toxicity?

Answer 25

Substernal chest pain, coughing or difficulty breathing, fatigue, dizziness, seizures, and visual or auditory disturbances.

Question 26

What are risks associated with high oxygen flow rates for COPD patients?

Answer 26

High flow rates can reduce respiratory drive, leading to CO2 retention and symptoms like confusion, lethargy, and respiratory failure.

Question 27

What should SpO2 levels be for COPD patients?

Answer 27

Targeted oxygen therapy for COPD patients aims for SpO2 levels of 88-92%.

Question 28

What are key roles of nurses in oxygen support?

Answer 28

Monitoring vital signs and SpO2, assessing skin color, ensuring proper device fit, preventing pressure injuries, humidifying oxygen, and reporting status changes.

Question 29

What are safety guidelines for oxygen therapy?

Answer 29

Store oxygen cylinders safely, use tank holders, avoid smoking near oxygen, keep cylinders away from heat, and check for electrical hazards.

Question 30

What are important reminders when administering oxygen therapy?

Answer 30

Check the humidifier bottle, obtain baseline data, remove cannula or mask periodically, wipe mist, and assess skin for irritation.