OXYGENATION Flashcards
What is oxygen and why is it essential?
Oxygen is a clear, odorless gas that constitutes approximately 21% of the air we breathe and is essential for cellular metabolism and the proper functioning of all living cells.
What happens to brain cells after 1 minute without oxygen?
Brain cells begin to experience stress due to lack of oxygen.
What occurs to neurons after 3 minutes without oxygen?
Neurons start to suffer more serious damage, which can still be reversible if oxygen is quickly restored.
What damage occurs to brain cells after 5-6 minutes without oxygen?
Brain cells begin to die, leading to permanent brain damage and loss of cognitive and motor functions.
What happens to brain cells after 10 minutes without oxygen?
Most brain cells will have died, leading to severe brain damage and a low chance of recovery without significant neurological impairment.
What are the normal ABG pH values?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the normal range for PCO2 in ABG analysis?
35 - 45 mmHg
What is the normal HCO3 range in ABG analysis?
22 - 26 mEq/L
What is the normal SaO2 range in ABG analysis?
95% - 100%
What is the definition of hypoxia?
Low oxygen levels in the tissues of the body.
What are some signs and symptoms of hypoxia?
Feeding difficulty, inspiratory stridor, nares flaring, expiratory grunting, sternal retractions, clubbing, restlessness, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, nose flaring.
What interventions can manage hypoxia?
Raise the head of the bed, encourage enhanced breathing and coughing, manage oxygen therapy and equipment, assess need for respiratory meds, provide oral suctioning, provide pain relief, and more.
What is hypoxemia?
Low oxygen levels in the blood, specifically in arterial blood.
What is hypercapnia?
Abnormally elevated CO2 levels in the blood, usually from inadequate ventilation.
What are common equipment items used in oxygenation therapy?
Pulse oximeter, oxygen flowmeter, oxygen source, micropore tape, vital signs monitoring equipment, mask or nasal cannula, no smoking sign.
What is FiO2?
FiO2 or Fraction of Inspired Oxygen is the percentage of oxygen in the air a person breathes in, with room air being 21%.
How much FiO2 increases with each liter per minute of oxygen?
Approximately 4% for each liter per minute of oxygen.
What is a nasal cannula?
A device delivering 1 to 6 liters per minute of oxygen.
What is an oxygen mask?
A device delivering 24-40% oxygen concentration up to 15 LPM.
What is the flow rate and oxygen concentration of a simple mask or rebreather?
Flow rate of 5-10 LPM and oxygen concentration of 40-60%.
What is a non-rebreather mask?
A mask delivering 70-100% oxygen concentration at a flow rate of 10-15 LPM.
What is high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy?
Delivers 100% humidified oxygen flow at 60 LPM.
What is the Venturi mask used for?
Provides 24% to 60% oxygen concentration, with flow rate depending on adapter.
What is noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?
A ventilatory support method without an invasive airway, such as CPAP or BiPAP.
What are symptoms of oxygen toxicity?
Substernal chest pain, coughing or difficulty breathing, fatigue, dizziness, seizures, and visual or auditory disturbances.
What are risks associated with high oxygen flow rates for COPD patients?
High flow rates can reduce respiratory drive, leading to CO2 retention and symptoms like confusion, lethargy, and respiratory failure.
What should SpO2 levels be for COPD patients?
Targeted oxygen therapy for COPD patients aims for SpO2 levels of 88-92%.
What are key roles of nurses in oxygen support?
Monitoring vital signs and SpO2, assessing skin color, ensuring proper device fit, preventing pressure injuries, humidifying oxygen, and reporting status changes.
What are safety guidelines for oxygen therapy?
Store oxygen cylinders safely, use tank holders, avoid smoking near oxygen, keep cylinders away from heat, and check for electrical hazards.
What are important reminders when administering oxygen therapy?
Check the humidifier bottle, obtain baseline data, remove cannula or mask periodically, wipe mist, and assess skin for irritation.
