oxygenation Flashcards
oxygen is required for creating ?
energy
carbon dioxide is a byproduct of
energy production
CO2 and O2 are exchanged between
the environment and cells through ventilation, respiration, and perfusion
what is ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
what is respiration
gas exchange between atmospheric air in the alveoli and the capillaries
what is perfusion
oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues for use
ventilation is also known as
breathing
what are the two phases of ventilation
inspiration and expiration
what is inspiration in ventilation
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, enlarging the thorax and decreasing intrathoracic pressure, allowing air to rush in (breath in)
what is expiration in ventilation
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the thorax to get smaller and increases pressure, forcing air out of lungs (breath out)
what is ventilation regulated by
by the CNS(medulla and brainstem), chemoreceptors, and proprioceptors
what is meant by drive to breath in ventilation
is the recognition of increasing CO2 and hydrogen ions in blood
what do proprioceptors do
send signals to increase ventilation with increased physical activity
ventilation is influenced by
airway resistance, muscle tone, and lung compliance
what is perfusion
the delivery of oxygen to cells of the body and returning CO2 to the lungs
perfusion is impacted by
body position, activity level, adequacy of blood supply, and proper cardiovascular function (pumping)
forms of altered respiratory function
hyperventilation, hypoventilation, hypoxia
what is hyperventilation
ventilation in excess of what is required to remove CO2 (fast breathing)
possible causes of hyperventilation
anxiety, fever, infection, diabetic, ketoacidiosis, aspirin overdose, hypoxia
what is hypoventilation
ventilation is inadequate to meet the body oxygen demand or is inadequate to remove sufficient CO2
possible causes of hypoventilation
COPD, obesity, atelectasis
what is hypoxia
inadequate oxygen available for the cells
possible causes of hypoxia
decreased hemoglobin, poor tissue perfusion
signs of acute hypoxia (emergency)
restlessness, confusion, increased pulse, tachypnea, dyspnea, increased blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias
signs of chronic hypoxia
pallor, fatigue, headache, chest pain, clubbing of nails, constipation, anorexia, decreased urine
ABC
airway, breathing, circulation