Oxygen friend or foe Flashcards
Name of bonds in ATP
Phosphoanhydride
What is BMR?
Rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest
Liver function in BMR
Maintains blood glucose levels
Examples of redox reactions
Photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, corrosion, rusting
What does GLUT do?
Help body use glucose for energy
Two forms of GLUT1
One is glucose-binding site facing outside of membrane
One is inwards
What are FAD and NAD derived from?
B vitamins
NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+
NADH and H+
FAD + 2e- + 2H+
FADH2
How is glucose made into glycogen?
Converted to glucose-6-phosphate in cytoplasm
Glycogenesis
Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Breaking down glycogen into glucose
What is citrate used for?
Forming fatty acids
What is lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate converted to lactate using lactate dehydrogenase
Process of glycolysis
- Phosphate form hydrolysis of ATP is added to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged into fructose-6-phosphate
- Second phosphate from ATP hydrolysis is added to fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-biphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-biphosphate split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3C)
- Oxidation and phosphorylation of each glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate produces 1,3-biphosphoglycerate with high energy phosphate bond and NADH
- Phosphorylation means phosphate removed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and transferred to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
- Each 3-phosphoglycerate is oxidised to form molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate with high energy phosphate bond
- Through phosphorylation, phosphate is removed and transfered to ADP forming ATP and pyruvate
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm
Link reaction
- Pyruvate moves into mitochondria
- It is oxidises and converted to acteyl CoA
- Electrons transferred to NAD+, making NADH and carbon dioxide
Kreb’s cycle
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Glucose broken down by acetyl-CoA to form CO2
- Acetyl CoA binds to starting compounds
- Redox reactions mean all carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in pyruvate end up as CO2 and H2O
- 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and 6 CO2 are produced for each glucose molecule
- NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to electron transport system for further production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
- Electrons passed from one component to the next
- Electrons reduce oxygen to produce water
- A complex is a structure of a central atom/molecule/protein weakly connected to surrounding atoms/molecules/proteins
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along chain
- They lose energy which is used to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
- In 4th complex, electrons are accepted by oxygen (final acceptor)
- Forms water
Chemiosmosis
- This is the movement of ions across a partially permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
- Electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to electron transport chain
- Cause conformational changes in shapes of proteins to pump H+ across partially permeable membrane
- Uneven distribution of H+ establishes concentration and electrical gradients
- If membrane was open to diffusion of H+, they would move back into matrix via electrochemical gradient
- Chemiosmosis generated 90% of ATP in aerobic glucose catabolism - oxidative phosphorylation
How many ATP made from one glucose molecule?
32
Can NADH enter mitochondria?
No
Why will less ATP be produced when FAD is carrier?
It can transport fewer ions
Where do NAD+ and FAD+ each primarily function?
NAD+ in liver, FAD+ in brain