Anatomy of the lungs

Question 1

What is the thorax?

Answer 1

Ribcage

Question 2

What is the chest?

Answer 2

Ribcage + shoulder girdle

Question 3

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 3

Also called anatomical thoracic inlet

Air enters lungs here

Question 4

Another name for inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 4

Anatomical thoracic outlet

Question 5

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 5

Basically forms line from collarbone from diaphragm in centre of chest
Tissue found between lungs

Question 6

What is the superior mediastinum?

Answer 6

Above C5

Question 7

What are the four thoracic levels?

Answer 7

Thoracic vertebral levels
Thoracic rib levels
Thoracic costal cartilage levels
Thoracic dermatome levels

Question 8

Where is xyphoid?

Answer 8

T10 thoracic vertebral level
No associated rib
T7 thoracic costal cartilage level
T5 dermatome

Question 9

Why is it good to have fluid in lungs?

Answer 9

Lubrication - allows lungs to move over thoracic cavity

Question 10

What is pleurisy?

Answer 10

Pain from inflamed membranes

Question 11

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 11

Too much fluid

Question 12

What is pleural rub?

Answer 12

No fluid and two membranes rub eachother

Question 13

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 13

Air in space

Question 14

What is haemothorax?

Answer 14

Blood in space

Question 15

Visceral pleura

Answer 15

Autonomic (dull idefined)

Question 16

Parietal pleura

Answer 16

Somatic (sharp localised)

Question 17

Where is the mid-clavicular line?

Answer 17

6th rib, pleura of 8th rib

Question 18

Where is the mid-axillary line?

Answer 18

8th rib, pleura of 10th rib

Question 19

Where is the mid-scapular line?

Answer 19

10th rib, pleura of 12th rib

Question 20

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 20

3

Question 21

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Divisions of R superior lobe

Answer 22

Apical, posterior and anterior

Question 23

Divisions of L superior lobe

Answer 23

Apicoposterior and anterior

Question 24

Divisions of R middle lobe

Answer 24

Lateral and medial

Question 25

Divisions of L lingual

Answer 25

Superior and inferior

Question 26

Divisions of R inferior lobe

Answer 26

Superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Question 27

Divisions of L inferior lobe

Answer 27

Superior
Anteromedial basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal

Question 28

What is emphysema?

Answer 28

Collapsed alveoli form one big sac - reduced SA

Question 29

What is asthma?

Answer 29

Immunological inflammation of airways - wall thickens and lumen gets narrower
Causes wheeze

Question 30

What is flow proportional to?

Answer 30

Radius to power of 4

Question 31

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 31

Choride ions blocked

Sodium doesn’t follow chloride ions

Water doesn’t follow sodium ion

Dehydration of mucus sets in

Defective Cl- ion transporter

Question 32

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 32

Damage to cilia
Can’t transport mucus from lungs
Mucus changes from clear to opaque/light green

Question 33

What is covid-19?

Answer 33

• Normally, air enters and surfactant reduces surface tension
• Passes through membrane - not polarised
• RBCs collect oxygen
• In covid-19, body takes time to realise it is being invaded and over-reacts
• Fluid within alveoli - stops air passing through - feels like drowning - air cannot reach cells
• Body tries to heal by laying collagen between alveoli - O2 can’t pass
• Lungs change shape and capacity
• Consolidation = fluid filling lungs = change of sound on tapping
• Covid affects multiple lobes unlike most infections