Oxygen Delivery Flashcards
What is FiO2?
The fraction of oxygen within inhaled air
-natural air includes 20% oxygen: FiO2 = 0.20
-medical patients are provided with oxygen-enriched air, which is higher than atmospheric FiO2
**accurate FiO2 can not be delivered with nasal canula
What are examples of low-flow oxygen systems?
-nasal canula
-simple mask
-non-rebreather
-partial non-rebreather
**varies depending on the delivery device and the patient’s oxygenation needs
What are examples of high-flow oxygen systems?
-venturi mask
-aerosol/large volume nebulizer
-ventilators
**deliver fixed concentrations of oxygen, regardless of the inspiratory flow or breathing pattern
What is the FiO2 range through a nasal canula
24-44% (1-6 L) - the fraction of oxygen inspired increases by 4% for every additional liter of oxygen flow administered
-Example: 1 L= 24%, 3 L= 32%
T/F a nasal canula is able to deliver both low and high concentrations of O2
False- cannot deliver high concentrations, only effective for low concentrations
Considerations for nasal canula
-can dry out mucous membranes
-the maximum flow if 5-6 LPM (change devices if patient requires >5 LPM)
-use on patients with adequate tidal volume and normals vitals
What is the FiO2 range for a simple mask?
25-60% (6-10 L)
Considerations for a simple mask
-tight seal is required for higher oxygen concentrations
-hot and confining
-impractical long-term use
**a minimum of 6 LPM is required for all masks to flush expired CO2 to prevent rebreathing of it
which conditions are simple masks used for?
-severe asthma
-pneumonia
-trauma
-severe sepsis
What is the fiO2 range fir a non-breather?
80-95% (10-15 L)- delivers the highest possible oxygen concentrations without incubation
Considerations for a non-breather
-used when pts have low blood oxygen levels
-used for short-term therapy
-requires a tight seal
-consists of a mask and a reservoir
what is the FiO2 range for a partial non-rebreather
35-60% (8-12 L)
Considerations for a partial non-rebreather
-looks similar to a non-rebreather mask but it contains a 2-way valve between mask and the reservoir bag
-valves allow expired CO2 to leave the mask
-cannot obtain as high of a blood oxygen concentration since the O2 in the reservoir bag becomes diluted
range of FiO2 for venturi mask
24-60% - determined by the color of the venturi device
**an accurate O2 concentration depends on oxygen liter flow and the color of the attached venture device
which patients use a venturi mask?
COPD patients
range of FiO2 for an aerosol/large volume nebulizer
28-100% (10-15 L)
Considerations for an aerosol/large volume nebulizer
-administers large volumes of mist
-indicated for thick secretions
-observe for signs of over-hydration, pulmonary edema, crackles
what is an oral pharyngeal airway?
a semirigid tube of plastic or rubber shaped to fit the natural curve of the soft palate and tongue
What is a nasal pharyngeal airway?
a soft or rubber tube inserted through one of the nares- follows the wall of the nasopharynx and oropharynx to the base of the tongue
**less likely to stimulate gag reflex
What is an endotracheal tube? && what are the different types?
artificial airway inserted into the trachea
-oral endotracheal tube: inserted via the mouth
-nasal endotracheal tube: inserted via the nose
What are the 4 reasons to use endotracheal intubation?
- upper airway obstruction
- inability to protect the lower airway from aspiration
- inability to clear secretions from the lower airways
- need for positive pressure mechanical ventilation
What is a trachestomy?
an airway opening that is surgically created directly over the trachea and inserted below the level of the vocal cords
what are the modes of ventilation?
-assist control
-synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
-continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
-pressure support ventilation (PSV)
What is assist control?
a non-weaning mode where the rate and tidal volume are set to deliver a minimum minute ventilation
-pt can generate as many breaths as needed by triggering the ventilator
-with each respiratory effort by the pt, the machine delivers the preset tidal volume
