Critical Care Flashcards
Purpose of Arterial Line
continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure and allows blood draw access for arterial blood gas measurements- provides systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure info
where is an arterial line inserted?
Usually radial artery but can also be through femoral artery or carotid
PT implications for an arterial line
When arterial line is in the groin then mobility may be limited
What is MAP?
Mean arterial pressure- the average pressure tending to push blood through the circulatory system and it reflects the tissue perfusion pressure
-normal: 70-110 mmHg
< 60 mmHg indicates inadequate tissue perfusion
Purpose of a central line
To allow IV access for medication administration and other procedures. Also for monitoring central venous pressure or right arterial pressures to assess cardiac function
What is a central line placed?
through subclavian or jugular vein, sometimes femoral vein
what is a PICC line?
It is used instead of a central line for patients that require prolonged placement
-is inserted through a peripheral vein (cephalic or brachial vein) and is advanced until the tip rests in the distal SVC
What is the Swan-Ganz Catheter?
A pulmonary artery catheter that can only be placed by a physician
What are the risks associated with insertion of the central venous access line?
-pneumothorax
-bleeding
-arrhythmias
-arterial entry
What are the delayed risks associated with central venous access line?
-infection
-catheter fracture
-catheter dislodgment
-catheter occlusion
-air in catheter
What does pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measure?
LAP is the outflow or venous pressure for the pulmonary circulation and the L ventricular end- diastolic pressure reflects the peripheral vascular resistance and is the primary indicator of L ventricular performance
-measurement of LAP reflects the value of LVEDP
-The pulmonary artery end diastolic pressure is essentially equal to the LVEDP (normally less than 12mmHg)
**still confused about this lol
Reasons to measure pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
-assess severity of L ventricular function
-assess mitral and aortic valve dysfunction
-assess and treat pulmonary edema
-assess pulmonary HTN
-assess and treat hypovolemic state
Normal ICP
0-10 mmHg
-0-5 mmHg for children under 5
**pts with a brain injury who have a high ICP will correlate with low cerebral perfusion pressure
T/F Patients with elevated ICP may be mechanically hyperventilated with a manual resuscitator bag to keep arterial partial pressure of CO2 at low levels because hypercapnia dilates cerebral vessels and hypocapnia restricts them
True
What is the indication for an intraaortic balloon pump and what is it used for?
Indicated for pathologies that cause the patient to be hemodynamically unstable
-assists in blood circulation through the body and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption but forcing blood into the aortic arch to flow in a retrograde direction into the coronary arteries when the balloon is inflated
Where is an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) inserted?
inserted in one of the femoral arteries and advanced until the tip is in the thoracic aorta, just distal to the L subclavian artery
-it is inflated during diastole (when the aortic valve closes)
Precautions of working with a patient with an IABP?
-no hip flexion in the leg with the catheter
-bed rest until catheter is removed
What is a Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Life support machine- replaces the function of the heart and lungs
Who uses an ECMO machine?
-those with lungs that cannot provide enough oxygen to the body
-lungs cannot get rid of carbon dioxide, even with help of a ventilator
-heart cant pump enough blood to the body
-those who are waiting for an organ transplant
How does an ECMO machine work?
it pumps blood from the patient’s body to an artificial lung that adds oxygen to it and removes carbon dioxide. Then sends blood back to the patient via a pump with the same force as the heart-thus it replaces the function of the person’s own lungs and heart
Whats a Berlin Heart?
a heart pump that maintains blood flow in babies and small children with serious heart failure
-an effective therapy to bridge children to heart transplant
How does a Berlin heart work?
a pump the pulls blood from the left ventricle and then sends that blood to the aorta- takes away extra work from the native heart
T/F The Berlin Heart has been worldwide and is the only device of its kind available for babies and children with severe heart failure
True
Definition: A disturbance of consciousness with inattention accompanied by a change in cognition or perceptual disturbance that develops over a short period of time (hours to days) and fluctuates over time
Delirium- up to 80% of mechanically ventilated ICU patients develop delirium