Oxygen

Question 1

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 1

Trachea, bronchioles, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, capillaries

Question 2

Pulmonary function tests

Answer 2

Measure lung volume and capacity

Question 3

Tidal volume

Answer 3

Normal volume of air moved in and out in quiet breathing-varies with individuals

Question 4

Pressure changes in lungs

Answer 4

1. Pressure inside lungs always equalized with atmospheric pressure
2. Negative intrapleural pressure
3. Inspiration(work phase)- air moved into lungs, intrathoracic- atmosphere, ACTIVE–uses energy
4. Exhalation- air moves out of lungs, intrathoracic- atmosphere, PASSIVE

Question 5

3 Functions of the Respiratory system

Answer 5

1. GAS exchange:
   o2co2
2. Fluid balance– up to 900 ml of “insensible water loss”(NI:: replace fluids…)
3. Acid-Base Balance (pH) - faster/slower breathing alters pH (kidneys too)

Question 6

Phases of oxygen

Answer 6

1. Ventilation
2. Diffusion
3. Perfusion

Question 7

Ventilation

Answer 7

The act of inhaling and exhaling

Measurement of how many breaths per minute

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

Occurs when o2 leaves the alveoli, enters capillaries and into the blood stream

And when co2 leaves the blood stream and capillaries and enters the alveoli and into the lungs for exhalation

exchange of gas

Question 9

Perfusion

Answer 9

TRANSPORT(circulatory system)

Happens at a ellipse level, o2 carries throughout the body and co2 carried from the body back to the alveoli.

Question 10

4 requirements essential for adequate ventilation

Answer 10

1. Adequate atmospheric oxygen
2. Clear air passages
3. Adequate stretch/recoil ability
4. Intact central nervous system center

Question 11

Adequate atmospheric oxygen

Answer 11

% of oxygen in the air

Distance from sea level….

Increase in elevation—-> decrease in oxygen % in atmosphere

Question 12

2. Clear air passages

Answer 12

Nares patent, septum midline
-warmed, filtered, moistened

Sneeze reflex: forcefully expels foreign matter from upper airway

Cough reflex: forcefully expels foreign matter from larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Gag reflex-choking

Cilia- propels mucous and/foreign matter along surface to be expelled

Question 13

3. Adequate stretch/recoil ability of lungs

Answer 13

Age related change– stretch/recoil decrease with normal aging process

Stretch- increase volume

Recoil- decrease volume
Surfactant production

Question 14

Intact central nervous system center

Answer 14

Brain controls breathing subconsciously

Medulla- inhalation
Pons- exhalation

Question 15

Stimuli for respirations

Answer 15

Neural and chemical controls: increase co2 and h+

Question 16

Respiratory center

Answer 16

Group of neurons located in medulla oblong its and pod of the brain

Question 17

1st: primary drive to breathe—

Answer 17

Increase co2
Medulla oblongata- highly responsive to increase in blood co2

This is the main stimulus for respiration in the healthy individual

Question 18

2nd: secondary drive to breathe

Answer 18

Decrease o2

Chronic lung disease–> hypoxic drive–triggered to breathe by lack/decrease of oxygen

(NI:: administer LOW o2 flow only!!)

Chemoreceptors in the Aorta and carotid arteries respond to low levels of oxygen.

Question 19

Cellular respiration

Answer 19

Inspired air
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--> Lungs
|
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--> Heart/blood
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--> Cells
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-->Back to blood/heart
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-->Expired air
|
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--> Inspired air......

Question 20

Blood values * rbc

Answer 20

Rbc(red blood cells)–

Men : higher rbc (4-5mill)
Women : lower rbc (3-5mill)

Question 21

Hematocrit

Answer 21

Hematocrit(hct) –RED FLAG= 30%
Hydration status

%rbc to plasma(concentration)

Question 22

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 22

Pharynx, epiglottis, larynx