Oxygen Flashcards
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchioles, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, capillaries
Pulmonary function tests
Measure lung volume and capacity
Tidal volume
Normal volume of air moved in and out in quiet breathing-varies with individuals
Pressure changes in lungs
- Pressure inside lungs always equalized with atmospheric pressure
- Negative intrapleural pressure
- Inspiration(work phase)- air moved into lungs, intrathoracic- atmosphere, ACTIVE–uses energy
- Exhalation- air moves out of lungs, intrathoracic- atmosphere, PASSIVE
3 Functions of the Respiratory system
- GAS exchange:
o2co2 - Fluid balance– up to 900 ml of “insensible water loss”(NI:: replace fluids…)
- Acid-Base Balance (pH) - faster/slower breathing alters pH (kidneys too)
Phases of oxygen
- Ventilation
- Diffusion
- Perfusion
Ventilation
The act of inhaling and exhaling
Measurement of how many breaths per minute
Diffusion
Occurs when o2 leaves the alveoli, enters capillaries and into the blood stream
And when co2 leaves the blood stream and capillaries and enters the alveoli and into the lungs for exhalation
exchange of gas
Perfusion
TRANSPORT(circulatory system)
Happens at a ellipse level, o2 carries throughout the body and co2 carried from the body back to the alveoli.
4 requirements essential for adequate ventilation
- Adequate atmospheric oxygen
- Clear air passages
- Adequate stretch/recoil ability
- Intact central nervous system center
Adequate atmospheric oxygen
% of oxygen in the air
Distance from sea level….
Increase in elevation—-> decrease in oxygen % in atmosphere
- Clear air passages
Nares patent, septum midline
-warmed, filtered, moistened
Sneeze reflex: forcefully expels foreign matter from upper airway
Cough reflex: forcefully expels foreign matter from larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Gag reflex-choking
Cilia- propels mucous and/foreign matter along surface to be expelled
- Adequate stretch/recoil ability of lungs
Age related change– stretch/recoil decrease with normal aging process
Stretch- increase volume
Recoil- decrease volume
Surfactant production
Intact central nervous system center
Brain controls breathing subconsciously
Medulla- inhalation
Pons- exhalation
Stimuli for respirations
Neural and chemical controls: increase co2 and h+
Respiratory center
Group of neurons located in medulla oblong its and pod of the brain
1st: primary drive to breathe—
Increase co2
Medulla oblongata- highly responsive to increase in blood co2
This is the main stimulus for respiration in the healthy individual
2nd: secondary drive to breathe
Decrease o2
Chronic lung disease–> hypoxic drive–triggered to breathe by lack/decrease of oxygen
(NI:: administer LOW o2 flow only!!)
Chemoreceptors in the Aorta and carotid arteries respond to low levels of oxygen.
Cellular respiration
Inspired air | | --> Lungs | | --> Heart/blood | | --> Cells | | -->Back to blood/heart | | -->Expired air | | --> Inspired air......
Blood values * rbc
Rbc(red blood cells)–
Men : higher rbc (4-5mill)
Women : lower rbc (3-5mill)
Hematocrit
Hematocrit(hct) –RED FLAG= 30%
Hydration status
%rbc to plasma(concentration)
Upper respiratory tract
Pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
