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Nursing Techniques 2 > Oxygen > Flashcards

Oxygen Flashcards

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1
Q

What three processes are involved in respiration?

A

ventilation, diffusion and perfusion

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2
Q

Define ventilation

A

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Define diffusion

A

the movement of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the RBCs

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4
Q

Define perfusion

A

the distribution of RBCs to and from the pulmonary capillaries

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5
Q

Define atelectasis

A

complete or partial collapse of the lung

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6
Q

What four factors affect oxygenation?

A

physiological, developmental, lifestyle and environmental

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7
Q

What are some environmental factors that affect oxygenation?

A

altitude, air pollution and occupational hazards

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8
Q

What should you do if your patient is having trouble breathing?

A

-O2 sat
-raise head of bed
-listen to breathing
-full set of vitals

Remember: we must treat the underlying cause of the shortness of breath so having all of the information is important

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9
Q

What are some oxygenation tests?

A

-pulse oximetry
-capillary blood gases
-arterial blood gases

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10
Q

What are pulmonary function tests?

A

tests used to evaluate lung function of clients with lung diseases– the tests measure lung volume and capacity

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11
Q

Define hyperventilation

A

-breathing >25bpm
-attempting to reduce carbon dioxide
-other symptoms include headache, light-headedness and dizziness

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12
Q

Define hypoventilation

A

-breathing <12bpm
-increases carbon dioxide
-other symptoms include change in LOC, arrhythmias and possible cardiac arrest

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13
Q

Define orthopnea

A

ability to breathe only in the upright sitting or standing position

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14
Q

Define dyspnea

A

difficult and laboured breathing during which the individual has a persistent, unsatisfied need for air and feels distressed

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15
Q

What is the first sign of hypoxia?

A

restlessness and apprehension

other signs include:
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-nasal flaring
-decreasing LOC
-dizziness
-hypoventilation
-cyanosis

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16
Q

What causes cyanosis?

A

cyanosis is when the individual starts to turn blue from lack of oxygen
-desaturated hemoglobin in the capillaries
-peripheral cyanosis is seen in the extremities including the nail beds and earlobes
-central cyanosis is seen in the tongue, soft palate and conjunctive (gums)

17
Q

What is ABG?

A

-arterial blood gases test
-the most accurate test and indicator of patient’s oxygenation status and should be ordered when in doubt

18
Q

What positions help with breathing?

A

-semi or high-fowlers
-orthopneic
-tripod
-change from side to side often
-ambulate

19
Q

Describe deep breathing and coughing

A

-used for post op clients to prevent atelectasis, NOT for COPD
-client is sitting upright, takes a few deep breaths inhaling through nose and exhaling through pursed lips (to prevent alveolar collapse) then inhale deeply again hold for a few seconds and release coughing deeply a few times without inhaling between coughs– be forceful with the coughs

20
Q

Describe abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing

A

-used as a basis for DB & C
-pursed lip breathing and huff coughing
-not shown to assist COPD but may be good for those with COPD that aren’t dyspneic

21
Q

Describe pursed lip breathing

A

-prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation
-good for those with COPD during acute dyspnea

22
Q

Describe huff coughing

A

-forced expiratory technique to promote expectoration of secretions
-can be used for cystic fibrosis but NOT COPD

23
Q

What is incentive spirometry?

A

-measures flow of inspired air
-promotes: ventilation, gas exchange, re-expands alveolar collapse
-provides visual feedback
-increased effectiveness with slow sustained inspiration
-repeated for a total of 10 breaths every 1-2 hours while awake
-monitor for dizziness and fatigue

24
Q

What are the 3 forms of chest physiotherapy?

A

1) percussion– cupping the hands
2) vibration– fine shaking motion
3) postural drainage– use gravity to aid in secretion removal

25
Q

What are the contraindications of percussion?

A

-bleeding disorders
-osteoporosis
-fractured ribs
-spinal cord injury
-increased intracranial pressure
-thoracis trauma or surgery

26
Q

What does MDI (or pMDI) stand for?

A

Metered dose inhaler/ pressurized metered dose inhaler

27
Q

What is oxygen toxicity?

A

exposure to high levels of O2 for prolonged periods

Clinical manifestations:
-dry hacking cough
-chest discomfort
-numbness of extremities
-nausea
-fatigue
-restlessness
-dyspnea

28
Q

What are the complications of oxygen therapy?

A

-oxygen toxicity
-drying of the nares and mouth
-infection (humidification can be a reservoir)

29
Q

What are the low flow oxygen devices?

A

-nasal cannula
-simple face mask
-partial rebreathe mask (valves open)
-non-rebreathe mask (one valve occluded)

30
Q

What is the high flow oxygen device?

A

venturi mask– used for clients with COPD

31
Q

Describe the nasal cannula

A

-nasal prongs
-must breathe through nose
-flow rate of 1-6L/min
-O2 concentration range of 24-44%

32
Q

When should you humidify oxygen?

A

at 4L

33
Q

Describe the simple face mask

A

-exhale ports for exhaled CO2
-flow rate of 5-8L/min
-O2 concentration 35-50%
-come in different sizes

34
Q

Describe the partial rebreathe mask

A

-mask with reservoir bag
-DO NOT use with high degree of humidity
-DO NOT use with COPD
-flow rate of 6-10L/min– high enough to keep bag 1/3 to 1/2 full
-O2 concentration range of 40-60%

35
Q

Describe the non-rebreathe mask

A

-mask with reservoir bag– bag should not collapse on inspiration
-2 sets of one-way valves
-DO NOT use with high degree of humidity
-flow rate of 6-10L– high enough to keep bag 1/3 to 1/2 full
-O2 concentration range of 90-100%

SAFETY MEASURE: remove one side valve

36
Q

Describe the venturi mask

A

-high flow system
-interchangeable adapter for precise concentration
-humidification usually not necessary
-ports must not be blocked
-flow rate of 4-10L/min
-O2 concentration range of 24-50%

37
Q

Describe the face tent

A

-good humidity
-useful for clients who do not tolerate face masks or have facial trauma
-flow rate of 4-8L/min
-O2 concentration from 30-50%

38
Q

Describe the OxyMask

A

-more open mask
-can be used for nose and mouth breathers
-provides ease of access for treatments
-decreases risk of aspiration
-no CO2 rebreathing if low flow rate
-flow rate of 1-15L/min or more
-O2 concentration from 24-90%

Nursing Techniques 2 (6 decks)

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