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MCT Exam 2 > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

ATP is the principal _________ molecule in living organisms

A

Free energy currency

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2
Q

Dephosphorylation reaction

A

highly spontaneous, releases large amount of free energy (exergonic)

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3
Q

What is often coupled to vital, non spontaneous reactions to drive them forward?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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4
Q

ATP resynthesis is highly _______

A

endergonic

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5
Q

______ has to be synthesized at about the same pace it is consumed

A

ATP

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6
Q

Glycolytic Pathway

A

does not require oxygen; inefficient way to produce ATP;
transports reducing equivalents from glycolysis to ETC;
end product is pyruvate

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7
Q

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

A 
IMM is impermeable to NADH;
permits transfer of NADH from glycolysis into the mito matrix;
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase turns oxaloacetate into aspartate to cross IMM;
malate dehydrogenase (present in cytoplasm and mito matrix) converts oxa into malate to enter TCA
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8
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation take place?

A

Mitochondria;

3D network that is highly dynamic

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9
Q

Outer mito membrane is permeable to small molecules/ions through

A

Porins

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10
Q

Inner mito membrane

A

rich in proteins;
site of OxPhos;
impermeable;
cristae for increased surface area

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11
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

TCA;
b-oxidation;
basic pH;
mtDNA

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12
Q

Chemiosmotic Theory

A
  1. Electron transport drives proton pumping
  2. O2 is final electron acceptor (H2O)
  3. Pumping protons out of matrix creates electrochemical gradient
  4. Electrical gradient + pH gradient = proton motive force
  5. Protons flow down the gradient into matrix; drives ATP synthesis (dependent on ADP availability)
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13
Q

ATP synthesis is _____ driven

A

demand; synthesis only if ADP demands it

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14
Q

Oxidation-reduction definition

A

removal and addition of electrons

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15
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

transfer e-from one molecule to another

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16
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

remove hydrogen from the electron donor

17
Q

Strong reducing agent

A

wants to give away electrons

18
Q

strong oxidizing agent

A

wants to take electrons

19
Q

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

NADH (reduced form)

A

electron/hydrogen carrier derived from niacin;
involved in several ox/redux reactions catalyzed by dehydrogenase;
NADH enters ETC at complex I;
Oxidized by ETC to produce 2.5 molecules of ATP

20
Q

FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

FADH2 (reduced form)

A

Electron/hydrogen carrier derived from riboflavin;
FADH2 produced by complex II and other flavin electron transfer proteins;
Oxidized by ETC to produce 1.5 molecules of ATP

21
Q

Reduction Potential

A

tendency of the oxidized species of a redox couple to accept e- (become reduced)

22
Q

Complex I

A

NADH-Co-Q oxidoreductase;
e- transfer via FMN and Fe-S cluster;
pumps 4H+ per e- pair

23
Q

Complex II

A

Succinate dehydrogenase;
FAD-linked e-transfer;
Fe-S cluster;
NO PROTON PUMPING

24
Q

Ubiquinone (oxidized form) Ubiquinol (reduced form)

A

Resides in lipid bilayer;

passes its e- to cytochrome c via the actions of complex III in a process called Q cycle

25
Q

Complex III

A

Co-Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase;
electron transfer via heme prosthetic groups and Fe-S cluster;
Pumps 4H+ per e- pair

26
Q

Cytochrome C

A

mobile e- carrier that shuttles e- to complex IV (resides in IMS)

27
Q

Complex IV

A

cytochrome c oxidase;
electron transfer via heme and Cu;
pumps 2H+ per e- pair;
additional 2H+ used to reduce O2 to water

28
Q

Complex V

A

site of ATP synthesis; energy from PMF used to generate high energy phosphate bond as H+ ions descend the concentration gradient across the IMM

29
Q

ATP synthase (complex V) synthesizes ATP by…

A

rotary motar mechanism that requires a proton gradient and ADP binding;
(NO ADP = NO proton influx);
Proton influx through channel drives rotation and conformational change;
each 360 deg turn requires 10 protons and produces 3 ATP (3 protons per ATP)

30
Q

ATP cannot be released from the synthase unless

A

ADP and Pi are bound at the other site

31
Q

Molecule that imports ADP and Pi into matrix for ATP production (3+1 protons, 1 influx during import)

A

Adenine Nucleotide Translocate (ANT)

32
Q

P/O Ratio

A

ratio of ATPs formed per mole of oxygen reduced

33
Q

Physiological Uncoupling

A

uncoupling of e- transport and ox-phos occurs in animals as a means to produce heat (non shivering thermogenesis)

34
Q

Physiological uncoupling occurs mainly in…

A

Brown adipose tissue (rich in mitochondria)

35
Q

Uncoupling protein (UCP)

A

channel to allow influx of protons to matrix (dissipates proton gradient);
results in increased substrate catabolism (produces more NADH and lowers ROS production)

MCT Exam 2 (8 decks)

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