ownership and control of the media

Question 1

types of media: print

Answer 1

e.g newspapers, magazines

Question 2

types of media: audio-visual

Answer 2

e.g podcasts, radio, TV, music

Question 3

types of media: cyber or digital

Answer 3

e.g podcasts, social media

(can’t do without the internet)

Question 4

3 types of media

Answer 4

print
audio-visual
cyber or digital

Question 5

concentration

Answer 5

although the number of outlets has increase there has been an increased concentration of ownership into. a few giant corporations

Question 6

corporation

Answer 6

a legal entity that is separate from its owners

Question 7

Bagdikian AO2 - ___ companies owned __% of the media

Answer 7

1992 - 22 companies owned 90% of the media

Question 8

media companies have become…

Answer 8

more transnational - exist in a number of different countries

become more diverse - have an interest in many different forms of media

become conglomerates - branched into different areas of economic activity

Question 9

bagdikian - main changes in media ownership (7) CoO, VI, HI, TC, GO, CaD, S

Answer 9

concentration of ownership

vertical integration

horizontal integration

technological convergence

global ownership

conglomeration and diversification

synergy

Question 10

main changes in media ownership - concentration of ownership AO1

Answer 10

most of the media are concentrated in the hands of a few very large companies

AO2: in 1983, 50 corporations controlled the majority of news media in USA.
In 1992, 22 companies owned and operated 90% of the mass media

Question 11

main changes in media ownership - concentration of ownership AO2

Answer 11

in 1983, 50 corporations controlled the majority of news media in USA.
In 1992, 22 companies owned and operated 90% of the mass media

Question 12

main changes in media ownership - vertical integration AO1

Answer 12

Concentration of ownership in a single medium such as one
company owning several newspapers

AO2: a film company that also owns the cinema chains showing the film

Question 13

main changes in media ownership - vertical integration AO2

Answer 13

a film company that also owns the cinema chains showing the film

Question 14

main changes in media ownership - horizontal integration AO1

Answer 14

Cross-media ownership
owners have an interest in a range of media

AO2: owns film companies, newspapers, music etc

Question 15

main changes in media ownership - horizontal integration AO2

Answer 15

owns film companies, newspapers etc

Question 16

main changes in media ownership - technological convergence AO1

Answer 16

Products are available in different forms that can be accessed on one device to maximse saled of their products

AO2: watches, telephones and TV began as separate, unrelated technologies but have converged into an interrelated technology industry.

Question 17

main changes in media ownership - technological convergence AO2

Answer 17

watches, telephones and TV began as separate, unrelated technologies but have converged into an interrelated technology industry.

Question 18

main changes in media ownership - global ownership AO1

Answer 18

Media organisations operate all around the world

AO2: multinational corporations

Question 19

main changes in media ownership - global ownership AO2

Answer 19

multinational corporations

Question 20

main changes in media ownership - conglomeration and diversification AO1

Answer 20

Companies having wide variety of products beside the media

AO2: virgin

Question 21

main changes in media ownership - conglomeration and diversification AO2

Answer 21

virgin

Question 22

main changes in media ownership - synergy AO1

Answer 22

Media companies produce, promote and sell a product in a variety of forms in collaboration with other companies - promoting the sales of that product

each promote each others product enabling more sales and profits

AO2: a film, soundtrack and video game for a superhero

Question 23

main changes in media ownership - synergy AO2

Answer 23

a film, soundtrack and video game for a superhero

Question 24

pluralism

Answer 24

see the media as controlled by audiences because media owners are mainly interested in making a profit - If they don’t provide what they want = they don’t stay in business

see audiences as active and diverse

not concentrated in the hands of minority

Question 25

marxist theory of the media

Answer 25

the media play an important role in spreading the dominant ideology media control access to the knowledge which people have about what is happening in society, and encourage them to accept the unequal society in which they live

Question 26

media professionalism criticises the idea that concentration of ownership is bad

Answer 26

Just because one corporation owns many outlets, doesn’t mean it turns into a giant brainwashing machine with all employees also brainwashed Individual companies and individuals within corporations have agency to speak, write and edit how they want. This is part of journalistic professionalism. for example - Editors can choose to include stories that may go against the wishes of their owners

Question 27

media professionalism AO3

Answer 27

Most journalists are freelance and will want to make money so will write stories in a way that will appeal to owners Covering stories that criticise the company or conglomerate could affect jobs security Owners can fire professionals Professionals are more likely to be part of the same class as the owner and invested in the dominant ideology themselves

Question 28

formal controls of the media - forms of government control (5)

Answer 28

leaks and off record briefings spin doctors refusing broadcast licenses refusing use of computer software electronic surveillance

Question 29

formal controls of the media - forms of government control - leaks and off record briefings

Answer 29

where governments try to manage what is reported in the news

Question 30

formal controls of the media - forms of government control - spin doctors

Answer 30

Try to bury bad news of the government at the same time that the media are distracted by something else in hope no one sees it

Question 31

formal controls of the media - forms of government control - refusing broadcast licenses

Answer 31

To those it deems are unfit and unsuitable

Question 32

formal controls of the media - forms of government control - refusing use of computer software

Answer 32

Block access to some internet sites Use of filtering and surveillance

Question 33

formal controls of the media - BBC

Answer 33

Financed by the state through the television licence fee – state can have some control by refusing to raise the fee

Question 34

formal controls of the media -Ofcom

Answer 34

Has responsibility for: ensuring a wide range of TV, radio are available in the UK, protecting the public from offensive or harmful effects of broadcast media and safeguarding.

Question 35

formal controls of the media - the law

Answer 35

Official secrets act (OSA) – criminal to report official government activity

Question 36

formal controls of the media IPSO

Answer 36

Independent regulator for the newspaper and magazine industry in the UK Seek to monitor and maintain the standards of journalism

Question 37

3 approaches to the control of the media

Answer 37

manipulative/ insturmental dominant ideology/ hegemonic pluralist

Question 38

control of the media - manipulative/ instrumental approach

Answer 38

marxist approach owners directly control and manipulate the content and audiences to protect their profits and spread the DI media editors and managers have little choice but to run the media within the boundaries set by the owner sees audiences as passive - easily manipulated and unthinking

Question 39

control of the media - manipulative/ instrumental approach AO3

Answer 39

the state regulated media ownership so no one person or company has too much influence by law Tv and radio have to report news impartially so can't turn out biased reports audiences aren't that gullible - they can accept or reject the dominant readings of messages based on existing ideas

Question 40

control of the media - the hegemonic (dominant) approach

Answer 40

GMG mass media spread a Dominant ideology justifying or legitimizing the power of the ruling class by persuading the other classes that the beliefs are normal media owners have influence but rarely have day-to-day control of the content editors and journalists have some independence but support DI by choice most journalists are white, MC and male so share the same view as dominant class audiences are passive and are persuaded to see the DI as consensus

Question 41

control of the media - the hegemonic (dominant) approach AO3

Answer 41

underrates the power and influence of owners who dismiss editors who step too far out of line agenda setting means that audiences have little real choice of media content and they're all produced within the DI = a direct manipulation of the audiences

Question 42

control of the media - pluralist approach

Answer 42

media content is not driven by a DI or political interests of owners but instead the fight for profit . a wide range of competing media platforms and products that reflect a wide range of audience interests media is free from government intervention and ownership and can present whatever viewpoint audiences are free to pick'n'mix whatever interpretation suits them

Question 43

control of the media - pluralist approach AO3

Answer 43

media owners appoint editors and have on numerous occasions sacked uncooperative editors - the theory underestimates the power of owners pressure to attract audiences doesn't increase media choice but limits it - the media decline in quality, and news and information get squeezed out or sensationalized, and turned into 'infotainment'

Question 44

lords of the global village

Answer 44

Bagdikian - around twenty-five years ago the concentration of media ownership meant that a handful of global media companies and moguls - what he called 'Lords of the Global Village' dominated the world's mass media, and controlled every step in the information process,