Overview PPT Part 2

Question 1

What types of chemo are used to treat childhood leukemia?

Answer 1

Alkylating agents and antimetabolites

Question 2

3 drawbacks to chemo tx:

Answer 2

toxicity
carcinogenic
(drug) interactions make the chemo less effective (pt may not be able to take certain drugs)

Question 3

Effective way to use chemo that decreases side effects (only in specific cancers):

Answer 3

Drug cocktail

Question 4

Type of therapy that stimulates the immune system (and tumor-suppressor cells) to fight the cancer.

Answer 4

Immunotherapy/Biotherapy

Question 5

Substances target specific tumor-associated antigens that exist in cancer cells.

Answer 5

Monoclonal antibodies (a type of immunotherapy therapy)

Question 6

When daughter cells divide, rather than mature, what results?

Answer 6

abnormal cell proliferation

Question 7

Cancer cells lose ability to _____ ______

Answer 7

suppress growth

Question 8

Cancer is a disease of the _____.

Answer 8

genes

Question 9

Protooncogenes are _____ genes that are ____ to oncogenes. Development into oncogenes occurs through ____, ______, _____.

Answer 9

normal, precursors

mutations, translocations, gene amplification

Question 10

5 things about benign tumors:

1) differentiation?
2) mets or invade?
3) encapsulated?
4) rate of growth?
5) harm host?
6) suffix?

Answer 10

1) well differentiated
2) do not metastasize or invade surrounding tissue
3) encapsulated
4) slow growing,
5) no, unless behaviorally malignant
6) suffix OMA

Question 11

Malignant tumors are more often well-differentiated or undifferentiated?

Answer 11

undifferentiated

Question 12

5 things about malignant tumors:

1) differentiation?
2) mets or invade?
3) encapsulated?
4) rate of growth?
5) harm host?

Answer 12

1) well differentiated to undifferentiated, mostly undifferentiated
2) can mets and invade
3) not encapsulated
4) fast-growing
5) can cause death if not treated

Question 13

Carcinomas come from _____ tissue.

Answer 13

Epithelial

Question 14

Sarcomas come from _____ tissue.

Answer 14

Mesenchymal

Question 15

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 15

covers a surface or lines an organ

Question 16

Malignant glandular epithelial cells are called _____.

Answer 16

Adenocarcinoma

Question 17

Mesenchymal tissue is found in 5 places:

Answer 17

Connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Blood 
Lymph

Question 18

2 kinds of cancer that have their own name:

Answer 18

Lymphoma

Leukemia

Question 19

2 types of lymphoma:

Answer 19

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 20

Is cancer one disease or many diseases that behave similarly?

Answer 20

Many diseases that behave similarly

Question 21

TNM System:
T is ____.
How many stages?

Answer 21

Tumor

4

Question 22

TNM System:
N is ____.
How is it notated?

Answer 22

Node

N0, N1, N4

Question 23

TNM System:

N0 means ____.

Answer 23

No nodes

Question 24

TNM System:

N1 means ____.

Answer 24

Nodes near site

Question 25

TNM System: | N4 means ____.

Answer 25

Nodes at distant nodal site

Question 26

TNM System: M is ____. How is it notated? What else will be included?

Answer 26

Metastasis M0, M1 Site of metastasis

Question 27

System used for gynecological cancers:

Answer 27

FIGO

Question 28

System used for Hodgkin's Lymphoma:

Answer 28

Ann Arbor

Question 29

Tumor grading: | The more undifferentiated, the more _____, the _____ the grade.

Answer 29

aggressive, higher

Question 30

6 types of biopsy:

Answer 30

``` fine-needle core-needle en bloc excisional incisional endoscopy ```

Question 31

Tumor _____ is vital to the success of surgery and XRT.

Answer 31

Location

Question 32

The suffix -oma typically indicates a | _____ tumor, but there are some exceptions.

Answer 32

benign