Overview PPT Part 2 Flashcards
What types of chemo are used to treat childhood leukemia?
Alkylating agents and antimetabolites
3 drawbacks to chemo tx:
toxicity
carcinogenic
(drug) interactions make the chemo less effective (pt may not be able to take certain drugs)
Effective way to use chemo that decreases side effects (only in specific cancers):
Drug cocktail
Type of therapy that stimulates the immune system (and tumor-suppressor cells) to fight the cancer.
Immunotherapy/Biotherapy
Substances target specific tumor-associated antigens that exist in cancer cells.
Monoclonal antibodies (a type of immunotherapy therapy)
When daughter cells divide, rather than mature, what results?
abnormal cell proliferation
Cancer cells lose ability to _____ ______
suppress growth
Cancer is a disease of the _____.
genes
Protooncogenes are _____ genes that are ____ to oncogenes. Development into oncogenes occurs through ____, ______, _____.
normal, precursors
mutations, translocations, gene amplification
5 things about benign tumors:
1) differentiation?
2) mets or invade?
3) encapsulated?
4) rate of growth?
5) harm host?
6) suffix?
1) well differentiated
2) do not metastasize or invade surrounding tissue
3) encapsulated
4) slow growing,
5) no, unless behaviorally malignant
6) suffix OMA
Malignant tumors are more often well-differentiated or undifferentiated?
undifferentiated
5 things about malignant tumors:
1) differentiation?
2) mets or invade?
3) encapsulated?
4) rate of growth?
5) harm host?
1) well differentiated to undifferentiated, mostly undifferentiated
2) can mets and invade
3) not encapsulated
4) fast-growing
5) can cause death if not treated
Carcinomas come from _____ tissue.
Epithelial
Sarcomas come from _____ tissue.
Mesenchymal
Where is epithelial tissue found?
covers a surface or lines an organ
Malignant glandular epithelial cells are called _____.
Adenocarcinoma
Mesenchymal tissue is found in 5 places:
Connective tissue Bone Cartilage Blood Lymph
2 kinds of cancer that have their own name:
Lymphoma
Leukemia
2 types of lymphoma:
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)
Is cancer one disease or many diseases that behave similarly?
Many diseases that behave similarly
TNM System:
T is ____.
How many stages?
Tumor
4
TNM System:
N is ____.
How is it notated?
Node
N0, N1, N4
TNM System:
N0 means ____.
No nodes
TNM System:
N1 means ____.
Nodes near site
TNM System:
N4 means ____.
Nodes at distant nodal site
TNM System:
M is ____.
How is it notated?
What else will be included?
Metastasis
M0, M1
Site of metastasis
System used for gynecological cancers:
FIGO
System used for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma:
Ann Arbor
Tumor grading:
The more undifferentiated, the more _____, the _____ the grade.
aggressive, higher
6 types of biopsy:
fine-needle core-needle en bloc excisional incisional endoscopy
Tumor _____ is vital to the success of surgery and XRT.
Location
The suffix -oma typically indicates a
_____ tumor, but there are some exceptions.
benign
