Overview PPT Flashcards
What historical person made large contributions to how surgery for breast cancer is done today?
What were they? (2)
Malpigi
Lymph node excision and skin preservation
4 ways cancer spreads:
blood
lymph
seeding
direct extension
Who began the classification of tumors?
Hippocrates
Around when was the microscope discovered?
How did this contribute to the study of cancer?
5th Century
Allowed classification of tumors by cellular characteristics
The first pain medications induced ____, but did not ____.
sleep, block pain
In the 19th century, what contributed to the decrease in death rates?
Asepsis/antiseptic agents
When did Roentgen discover X-rays?
1895
Who is William Halsted and what did he contribute to oncology?
radical mastectomy - used for all breast cancer until 1970s.
What is the radical mastectomy?
Removal of pectoral muscle and all axillary nodes in one piece.
Why were all breast cancers at all stages treated with radical mastectomy until the 1970s?
Chemo and XRT had not yet been developed.
Whipple procedure
Sx for pancreatic cancer
Radical Neck
Sx for head and neck cancer
Pneumonectomy
Sx for lung cancer
Lobectomy
Sx for lung cancer
Resectable cancer
Ability remove tumor w/sx w/o causing comorbities.
Who discovered radium?
The Curies
What year was the Roentgen (R) established?
What did it measure?
1928
Exposure in air
Disadvantages of KV (superficial and orthovoltage) machines: (3)
skin reactions
high absorption in bone
poor dose delivery to lesions that are not superficial
Orthovoltage-specific disadvantages: (2)
Increased scatter to the tissue outside the tx region
Cannot treat at a depth deeper than 2-3cm
40-100 keV
Superficial
100-300keV
Ortho
Average energy of 120keV
Superficial
Average energy of 250keV
Ortho
SSD is 15-20cm
Superficial
SSD is 50cm
Ortho
The ____ machine is now only used in dermatology, but skin is now usually treated with ____
Superficial, electrons
Where is the dose deposited using a superficial machine?
Just below the skin
Where is the dose deposited using an orthovoltage machine?
A little bit deeper than the superficial unit
Aluminum filter is used on which machine?
What is the thickness?
Superficial
1-6mm
Copper filter is used on which machine?
What is the thickness?
Ortho
1-4mm
Which machine uses cones?
What size are the cones?
Superficial
2-5cm
Cobalt-60 uses what type of ionizing radiation?
Gamma Rays
SAD 80cm
Cobalt-60
SAD 100cm
Linac
Disadvantages of Cobalt-60: (3)
Penumbra
Asym fields not possible
Skin reactions
Advantage of Cobalt-60:
Reliable - no downtime
Dose is deposited 0.5cm under skin (Cobalt-60 or Linac)
Cobalt-60
Dose is deposited 1.5cm under skin (Cobalt-60 or Linac)
Linac
Disadvantage of Linac:
Breaks down more
Advantages of Linac: (5)
Dual energy: p+ and e- Very high energy beams possible Skin-sparring No penumbra asym field
MOPP and ABVD are ___ treatments for _____.
targeted, Hodgkin’s lymphoma
