Overview PPT

Question 1

What historical person made large contributions to how surgery for breast cancer is done today?

What were they? (2)

Answer 1

Malpigi

Lymph node excision and skin preservation

Question 2

4 ways cancer spreads:

Answer 2

blood
lymph
seeding
direct extension

Question 3

Who began the classification of tumors?

Answer 3

Hippocrates

Question 4

Around when was the microscope discovered?

How did this contribute to the study of cancer?

Answer 4

5th Century

Allowed classification of tumors by cellular characteristics

Question 5

The first pain medications induced ____, but did not ____.

Answer 5

sleep, block pain

Question 6

In the 19th century, what contributed to the decrease in death rates?

Answer 6

Asepsis/antiseptic agents

Question 7

When did Roentgen discover X-rays?

Answer 7

1895

Question 8

Who is William Halsted and what did he contribute to oncology?

Answer 8

radical mastectomy - used for all breast cancer until 1970s.

Question 9

What is the radical mastectomy?

Answer 9

Removal of pectoral muscle and all axillary nodes in one piece.

Question 10

Why were all breast cancers at all stages treated with radical mastectomy until the 1970s?

Answer 10

Chemo and XRT had not yet been developed.

Question 11

Whipple procedure

Answer 11

Sx for pancreatic cancer

Question 12

Radical Neck

Answer 12

Sx for head and neck cancer

Question 13

Pneumonectomy

Answer 13

Sx for lung cancer

Question 14

Lobectomy

Answer 14

Sx for lung cancer

Question 15

Resectable cancer

Answer 15

Ability remove tumor w/sx w/o causing comorbities.

Question 16

Who discovered radium?

Answer 16

The Curies

Question 17

What year was the Roentgen (R) established?

What did it measure?

Answer 17

1928

Exposure in air

Question 18

Disadvantages of KV (superficial and orthovoltage) machines: (3)

Answer 18

skin reactions
high absorption in bone
poor dose delivery to lesions that are not superficial

Question 19

Orthovoltage-specific disadvantages: (2)

Answer 19

Increased scatter to the tissue outside the tx region

Cannot treat at a depth deeper than 2-3cm

Question 20

40-100 keV

Answer 20

Superficial

Question 21

100-300keV

Answer 21

Ortho

Question 22

Average energy of 120keV

Answer 22

Superficial

Question 23

Average energy of 250keV

Answer 23

Ortho

Question 24

SSD is 15-20cm

Answer 24

Superficial

Question 25

SSD is 50cm

Answer 25

Ortho

Question 26

The ____ machine is now only used in dermatology, but skin is now usually treated with ____

Answer 26

Superficial, electrons

Question 27

Where is the dose deposited using a superficial machine?

Answer 27

Just below the skin

Question 28

Where is the dose deposited using an orthovoltage machine?

Answer 28

A little bit deeper than the superficial unit

Question 29

Aluminum filter is used on which machine?

What is the thickness?

Answer 29

Superficial

1-6mm

Question 30

Copper filter is used on which machine?

What is the thickness?

Answer 30

Ortho

1-4mm

Question 31

Which machine uses cones?

What size are the cones?

Answer 31

Superficial

2-5cm

Question 32

Cobalt-60 uses what type of ionizing radiation?

Answer 32

Gamma Rays

Question 33

SAD 80cm

Answer 33

Cobalt-60

Question 34

SAD 100cm

Answer 34

Linac

Question 35

Disadvantages of Cobalt-60: (3)

Answer 35

Penumbra
Asym fields not possible
Skin reactions

Question 36

Advantage of Cobalt-60:

Answer 36

Reliable - no downtime

Question 37

Dose is deposited 0.5cm under skin (Cobalt-60 or Linac)

Answer 37

Cobalt-60

Question 38

Dose is deposited 1.5cm under skin (Cobalt-60 or Linac)

Answer 38

Linac

Question 39

Disadvantage of Linac:

Answer 39

Breaks down more

Question 40

Advantages of Linac: (5)

Answer 40

Dual energy: p+ and e-
Very high energy beams possible
Skin-sparring
No penumbra
asym field

Question 41

MOPP and ABVD are ___ treatments for _____.

Answer 41

targeted, Hodgkin’s lymphoma